Browsing by Author "Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science"

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    PublicationOpen Access
    Anthelminthic effects of artemisinin and its derivatives
    (2013) Tawewan Tansatit; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Qinghao (Artemisia annua, L.), a famous herb from China, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Artemisinin, an active substance is extracted from the leaves and flowers of Qinghao, with a unique sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide structure showing an antimalarial activity. Derivatives of artemisinin, artesunate and artemether, are the most widely used as antimalarial drugs. Since artemisinin not only possess antimalarial properties, but also active against various parasitic infection. Ongoing research on these compounds has been emphasized on the potential impact for anthelmintic treatment. Artemisinin derivatives exhibited a broad spectrum property against various trematodes, nematode, and cestode both in vitro and in vivo studies. These helminthocidal properties of artemisinin derivatives presented here provide further data for clinical investigations in the field trial study. However, a better understanding of action of artemisinin derivatives and their biomolecule target may contribute a promising possibility for clinical utility in anthelmintic application. Toxicity of artemisinin derivatives was less and was demonstrated in experimental animals with neurotoxicity and anemia.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Anthelminthic effects of artemisinin and its derivatives
    (2013) Tawewan Tansatit; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Qinghao (Artemisia annua, L.), a famous herb from China, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Artemisinin, an active substance is extracted from the leaves and flowers of Qinghao, with a unique sesquiterpene lactone endoperoxide structure showing an antimalarial activity. Derivatives of artemisinin, artesunate and artemether, are the most widely used as antimalarial drugs. Since artemisinin not only possess antimalarial properties, but also active against various parasitic infection. Ongoing research on these compounds has been emphasized on the potential impact for anthelmintic treatment. Artemisinin derivatives exhibited a broad spectrum property against various trematodes, nematode, and cestode both in vitro and in vivo studies. These helminthocidal properties of artemisinin derivatives presented here provide further data for clinical investigations in the field trial study. However, a better understanding of action of artemisinin derivatives and their biomolecule target may contribute a promising possibility for clinical utility in anthelmintic application. Toxicity of artemisinin derivatives was less and was demonstrated in experimental animals with neurotoxicity and anemia.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Anthelmintic effects of ethanolic extracts from pomegranate peels, mangosteen peels and tamarind seeds on gastrointestinal nematode egg counts in lambs
    (2013) Pichai Bunviboolvat; Narisa Taechaarpornkul; Jeerapha Saratham; Sivapong Sungpradit; Charoonluk Jirapattharasate; Chowalit Nakthong; Lak Piasai; Orathai Thongjui; Sookruetai Boonmasawai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinay Science. Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health; Kasetsart University. Small Ruminant R&D Center; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. The Center for Veterinary Diagnosis
    The anthelmintic drug resistance problems in animal husbandry are widely spread all over the world. The gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep economically impact on the decreasing of live-weight gain and body condition scores and have been recently resistant to many anthelmintics, especially albendazole, levamisole, macrocyclic lactone, moxidectin and ivermectin. Therefore, the herbal medicine is the one of alternative anthelmintic ways to solve chemical resistance and economic problems in small ruminant farms. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels, mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peels and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seeds extracts on gastrointestinal nematode egg counts in lambs comparing with albendazole and ivermectin. The results were shown that ivermectin could not decrease egg counted number significantly, but albendazole could significantly decrease percent of the egg per gram (EPG) when compared with pre-treatment (day 0) at day 1 (68±9%), day 3 (53±10%) and day 7 (62±8%). At day 1, the ethanolic extract of pomegranate peels and tamarind seed were significantly effect on gastrointestinal nematode egg count (47±8% and 48±10%, respectively). EPG were not affected by mangosteen peels extract. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (8-17.8 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (88.5-127.3 IU/L), creatinine (0.7-0.9 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (11-18.5 mg/dl) value after treatment were also normal and the lambs did not express any clinical renal or hepatic symptoms. It is concluded that the ethanolic extracts of pomegranate peels, and tamarind seeds possess significant anthelmintic activities at day 1 and could be a potential alternative for management of gastrointestinal roundworm problem in lambs.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Effect of sex, age and strain on hematological and blood clinical chemistry in healthy canine
    (2012) Arunee Jangsangthong; Pongpun Suwanachat; Pariyakorn Jaykum; Supakit Buamas; Waraporn Kaewkongjan; Shutipen Buranasinsup; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinay Science. Laboratory of Prasuarthon hospital
    The hematological and blood clinical chemistry are essential for determine the physical health, diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. However, they may vary with race, nutrition, age, sex, stress and disease. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe effect of sex, age and strain on the hematology and blood clinical chemistry. Canines (n=134)were divided into 5 groups depend on age, 2 groups depend on sex and 4 groups depend on strain. The effect of age was found onmonocytes, neutrophils, hematocrit (Hct), plasma protein (PP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values whilethe effect of sex was found onmean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and ALT values. In addition, the effect of strain was found onmany parameters including neutrophils, lymphocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), Hct, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCHC, platelet (Plt), red cell distribution width (RDW), ALT and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, hematological and blood clinical chemistry in canine which are essential for determine the physical health and for further diagnosis as well as prognosis the disease are influenced by many parameters studied such as sex, age and strain.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Effect of sex, age and strain on hematological and blood clinical chemistry in healthy canine
    (2012) Arunee Jangsangthong; Pongpun Suwanachat; Pariyakorn Jaykum; Supakit Buamas; Waraporn Kaewkongjan; Shutipen Buranasinsup; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Laboratory of Prasuarthon hospital
    The hematological and blood clinical chemistry are essential for determine the physical health, diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. However, they may vary with race, nutrition, age, sex, stress and disease. The aim of the present study was to investigatethe effect of sex, age and strain on the hematology and blood clinical chemistry. Canines (n=134)were divided into 5 groups depend on age, 2 groups depend on sex and 4 groups depend on strain. The effect of age was found onmonocytes, neutrophils, hematocrit (Hct), plasma protein (PP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values whilethe effect of sex was found onmean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and ALT values. In addition, the effect of strain was found onmany parameters including neutrophils, lymphocytes, hemoglobin (Hb), Hct, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), MCHC, platelet (Plt), red cell distribution width (RDW), ALT and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, hematological and blood clinical chemistry in canine which are essential for determine the physical health and for further diagnosis as well as prognosis the disease are influenced by many parameters studied such as sex, age and strain.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Effects of alcoholic extract from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels on gastrointestinal nematode egg counts in doe
    (2013) Sookruetai Boonmasawai; Sivapong Sungpradit; Charoonluk Jirapattharasate; Chowalit Nakthong; Lak Piasai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinay Science. Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health
    Anthelmintic drug resistant is one of the major problem that quietly reflecting the small ruminant production qualities. Because this problem recently spread out in many areas all over the world, the alternative anthelmintic methods are recently requiring, especially using local economic plants or remedies for reducing the impact. The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is one kind of fruit that is used as an anthelmintic plant in Ayurveda remedies for a long time. We investigated the anthelmintic activity of alcoholic extract from pomegranate peels against female goat gastrointestinal nematodes and the toxic effects after treatments. The results were shown that albendazole and pomegranate peel powder could not affect percent of strongyle egg per gram (EPG) when comparing with pre-treatment control data. In contrast, ivermectin injections could significantly affect a first 24h (32 ± 5%), and had continuously effect at day 3, 7 and 14 (31 ± 17%, 51 ± 13% and 33 ± 11%, respectively). Alcoholic extract of pomegranate represented significantly anthelmintic effects at day 1, 3 and 7 (45 ± 11%, 57 ± 14% and 64 ± 7%, respectively) with non-significantly different when comparing with ivermectin. We also preliminary investigated the effects of alcoholic extract from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peels, it could not effect on egg count number per gram when comparing with pre-treatment control. The results suggested that alcoholic crude extracts from pomegranate peels could inhibit gastrointestinal strongyle-type egg production and may be promising used as an alternative anthelmintic drugs in small ruminant farms.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    The Effects of Heartwood Extracts from Biancaea sappan L. against Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) and Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Goats
    (2021) Panitnun Leelakhachonchit; Raweephun Phongprai; Wannapa Jiennumwong; Chowalit Nakthong; Norasuthi Bangphoomi; Arpron Leesombun; Orathai Thongjuy; Sookruetai Boonmasawai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. The Center for Veterinary Diagnosis; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Subclinical mastitis is an important disease affecting milk quality in dairy goats, and slow to detect because of non-clinical signs. Subclinical mastitis will progress to clinical mastitis which requires the treatments. The treatment mainly uses the antimicrobial intra-mammary infusion, and it may cause antimicrobial resistance problems. Thus, this study aimed to determine the change of milk composition and the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from Biancaea sappan L. heartwood against bacteria isolated from milk of subclinical mastitis goats. Eighty-eight milk samples were classified into two groups; control (n=34) and subclinical mastitis group or SCM (n=54) according to California mastitis test (CMT) score and somatic cell count (SCC). The study showed that the percentage of lactose significantly decreased (p=0.002) in the subclinical mastitis goats, whereas the fat contents significantly increased (p=0.014). The changing of milk protein, solids not fat (SNF) and total solid (TS) contents were not observed. The bacterial identifications from milk samples revealed that the most commonly isolated bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (n=41, 78.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (n=7, 13.5%). The ethanolic extracts from B. sappan showed their antibacterial activity against isolated CoNS and S. aureus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range were 0.125-4 mg/ml and 0.125-1 mg/ml, respectively. These findings indicated that B. sappan ethanolic extracts potentially effected against major pathogens of subclinical mastitis in dairy goats
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Ethnoveterinary medicine based on Ayurveda plants
    (2012) Sookruetai Boonmasawai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Traditional plants used for medicine exist for several thousand years ago in India to solve human health problems. The Ayurveda concept involved in the balancing of five basic elements including earth, water, fire, air, and space (ether) because of various active ingredients in remedies. Nowadays, traditional plant uses in veterinary medicine in many regions have been documented and reported such as in Spain, Italy, Argentina, Brazil and Kenya. Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) is an important medicinal plant containing vincristine used in veterinary medicine for treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor and canine lymphoma. Additional evidences in China showed that Salacia oblonga root in Ayurvedic recipe was able to ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia and excessive ectopic fat accumulation in laying hens. Moreover, crude extract from Terminalia arjuna L. (Combretaceae) bark decreased blood pressure in anaesthetized dogs. However, World Health Organization (WHO) recently focuses in standardization, safety and efficacy of Ayurveda medicine to establish this herbal medicine system. Ayurveda in veterinary medicine still need further clinical research to provide more clear, comprehensive, and practical pharmacological information to improve constantly therapeutic qualities.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Ethnoveterinary medicine based on Ayurveda plants
    (2012) Sookruetai Boonmasawai; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Traditional plants used for medicine exist for several thousand years ago in India to solve human health problems. The Ayurveda concept involved in the balancing of five basic elements including earth, water, fire, air, and space (ether) because of various active ingredients in remedies. Nowadays, traditional plant uses in veterinary medicine in many regions have been documented and reported such as in Spain, Italy, Argentina, Brazil and Kenya. Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae) is an important medicinal plant containing vincristine used in veterinary medicine for treatment of canine transmissible venereal tumor and canine lymphoma. Additional evidences in China showed that Salacia oblonga root in Ayurvedic recipe was able to ameliorate hypertriglyceridemia and excessive ectopic fat accumulation in laying hens. Moreover, crude extract from Terminalia arjuna L. (Combretaceae) bark decreased blood pressure in anaesthetized dogs. However, World Health Organization (WHO) recently focuses in standardization, safety and efficacy of Ayurveda medicine to establish this herbal medicine system. Ayurveda in veterinary medicine still need further clinical research to provide more clear, comprehensive, and practical pharmacological information to improve constantly therapeutic qualities.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    The function of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in cancer metastasis
    (2016) Kanjana Assawasuparerk; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Cancer metastasis is one of the leading causes of death in humans and animals diagnosed with cancer. It is a complex process that involves the spread of cancer cells from the primary cancer to another parts of the body through lymphatic and blood vessels. Cancer angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis have been considered as essential processes in the cancer metastasis because the new formation blood and lymphatic vessels occur, thereby creating new route for cancer cells to metastasize. Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) is a protein previously known for the role in promoting vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Overexpression of VEGF is known to be implicated in a wide variety of disease processes, especially cancer metastatic process. At present, there are 7 members of the VEGF family, including VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E, VEGF-F, and PlGF. Among all VEGF members, VEGF-A, VEGF-C and VEGF-D have been reported to be capable to promote cancer angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of VEGFs and their interaction with the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) which involve in the processes of cancer metastasis has been extensively described in details. The previous research has shown that VEGF-A plays a major role in angiogenesis through the interaction with VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptors as well as with neuropilins presented on the endothelial cells. Following the stimulation of several signal transduction pathways, these interaction result in the endothelial cell proliferation and migration, by which subsequently leads to finally the neovascularization. Apart from the role of VEGF-A, in addition to the role of VEGF-A associated with angiogenesis, VEGF-C and VEGF-D have also been recently reported for their major roles in lymphagiogenesis through the interaction with VEGFR3 which is mostly present in lymphatic endothelial cells. Moreover, VEGF-C and VEGF-D are able to promote angiogenesis. Therefore, the inhibition of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and VEGFRs might be used in cancer treatment for the reduction in cancer metastasis.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    The importance of epigenetics in embryonic development and reproductive biotechnology
    (2012) Tuempong Wongtawan; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    It is well established that epigenetics and chromatin modifications are primary factors that can govern gene activity and nuclear architecture. They are also proven to be essential for normal embryonic development and cell differentiation. One important step during mouse development is the establishment of epigenetic reprogramming which is believed to be vital for normal growth and development, however; the mechanism is still poorly understood. Creating embryo using reproductive biotechnology such as IVM/IVF, ICSI and nuclear transfer may cause abnormal epigenetic pattern. This review summarise the role and the importance of epigenetic in embryonic development as well as reproductive biotechnology from research literature mainly in mouse used as a model for mammalian development.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    The importance of epigenetics in embryonic development and reproductive biotechnology
    (2012) Tuempong Wongtawan; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    It is well established that epigenetics and chromatin modifications are primary factors that can govern gene activity and nuclear architecture. They are also proven to be essential for normal embryonic development and cell differentiation. One important step during mouse development is the establishment of epigenetic reprogramming which is believed to be vital for normal growth and development, however; the mechanism is still poorly understood. Creating embryo using reproductive biotechnology such as IVM/IVF, ICSI and nuclear transfer may cause abnormal epigenetic pattern. This review summarise the role and the importance of epigenetic in embryonic development as well as reproductive biotechnology from research literature mainly in mouse used as a model for mammalian development.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Influence of dietary protein and energy levels on sow backfat thickness
    (2012) Surasak Jittakhot; Dusit Laohasinnarong; Kampon Kaeoket; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinay Science. Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health
    The objective of the present study was to determine the influences of dietary protein and energy levels on sow backfat thickness. The study was conducted by randomly measured backfat thickness in both pregnant and lactating stages of 10,401 sows from 7 commercial herds in Thailand. The pregnant sow diets contained 14.4% crude protein (CP) and 3,346 kcal metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. The lactating sow diet contained 18.8% CP and 3,660 kcal ME/kg. The percentage of dietary protein was positively correlated with backfat thickness (r = 0.036, P < 0.01) and the metabolizable energy of the diet was positively correlated (r = 0.053, P < 0.01). Upon, stepwise method of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the percentage of dietary crude fat (X, %) was a key factor affecting the thickness of sow backfat (Y, mm) with statistical significance. The regression equation was; Y = 14.4 + (0.2X), (R2 = 0.009, P < 0.01). Conclusion, a major nutritional factor that response for changing of sow backfat thickness was the dietary energy in sow diet.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Possible involvement of glucocorticoids in mycotoxin-induced neuroinflammation
    (2015) Boonrat Chantong; Punnee Nusuetrong; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    The mycotoxins are commonly encountered in human cereal foods and animal feed throughout the world as a result of infestation of grains in the field and in storage by the fungi including genus Aspergillus, Penicillum and Fusarium. Modulation of the inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) appears particularly critical role of some relevance mycotoxins such as T-2 toxin, fumonisin B1 and ochratoxin A. Specifically, mentioned mycotoxins disturbed mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) as well as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) which mediate robust induction of proinflammatory gene expression in both in vitro and in vivo. In CNS, glucocorticoids are powerful endogenous and therapeutic modulators of inflammation though both MAPKs and NF-κB signaling. In addition, toxicity of mycotoxins also was altered with glucocorticoid. Taken together, glucocorticoids may possibly involve in the action of mycotoxins on neuroinflammatory responses. Therefore, factors disturbing glucocorticoid regulation in CNS such as stress, infection, and xenobiotics may enhance response to mycotoxin toxicity. It is anticipated that these investigations will be applicable to identify the therapeutic intervention or prevention.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Preliminary report: Homology modeling of Human Ryanodine Receptor-1
    (2012) Waraphan Toniti; Pranom Puchadapirom; Aekkapot Chamkasem; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science; Mahidol University. Faculty of Science. Department of Pathobiology
    Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the series of events in which an electrical stimulus is converted into a mechanical contraction. Ryanodine receptors (RyRs), the Ca2+ release channels, located at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and played role in E-C coupling. In this study, human RyR1sequence was studied by sequence of P21817. The in silico RyR1 models were generated using homology modeling. RyR1 is the largest known ion channels and composes of 15 important subdomains; cytoplasmic assembly and transmembrane assembly. This study focused on the larger cytoplasmic assembly that is composed of 10 subdomains. The results show that the shapes and the pocket sites of each domain of RyR1 are different. Each domain has its own pocket sites which facilitateinteraction between RyR1 and modulators. Future studies will certainly resolve additional structural differences among species of interest and may apply as model of calcium release channel-modulator interaction.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Screening of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria in Dog Shelters in Thailand
    Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan; Norasuthi Bangphoomi; Sivapong Sungpradit; Naratchaphan Pati; Teerawit Tangkosku; Narisara Thamthaweechok; Visanu Thamlikitkul; สุขฤทัย บุญมาไสว; นรสุทธิ์ บางภูมิ; ศิวะพงษ์ สังข์ประดิษฐ์; นรัชพัณญ์ ปะทิ; ธีรวิทย์ ตั้ก่อสกุล; นริศรา ธรรมทวีโชค; วิษณุ ธรรมลิขิตกุล; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    The number of stray dogs in Thailand has been increasing every year. This situation could lead to an increase in microorganisms, including antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria that can be transmitted between humans and dogs. This study evaluated the prevalence of AMR bacteria isolated from rectal swabs taken from dogs living in shelters located throughout Thailand. The most common bacteria isolated from the samples of 159 healthy dogs were Enterobacteriaceae (71.3%). The prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae among the bacterial strains isolated from the dogs was 70.1%. Moreover, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated from the rectal swabs. The percentages of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the fecal carriage from dogs living in shelters with and without employed veterinarians were not significantly different (72.2% vs. 69.6%, respectively; P=0.5). The isolated Enterobacteriaceae were usually resistant to ampicillin and ceftriaxone. The percentages for antimicrobial susceptibility of Edwardsiella tarda, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and S. aureus were also not significantly different between the two types of shelter. Our study revealed that shelter dogs in Thailand may be the reservoir of AMR Enterobacteriaceae. Therefore, people should have awareness of the high prevalence of AMR bacteria among dogs living in shelters, and they should strengthen the efficiency and appropriateness of preventive management at the shelters. These include the rational use of antimicrobials to limit the production of AMR bacteria. The good sanitation and hygiene practices in shelters are required to limit AMR bacterial transmission among the dogs, and from them to humans.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs); host enzymes controlled viral protein processing and maturation
    (2014) Kridsada Chaichoun; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    The cellular subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs) are responsible for virion maturation process which occurs in secretory vesicles, primes virion maturation and viral infectivity. Eight SPCs, SPC1 (furin/PACE), SPC2 (PC2), SPC3 (PC1/PC3), SPC4 (PACE4), SPC5 (PC4), SPC6 (PC5/PC6A) and SPC7 (LPC/PC7/PC8) and PCSK9, were identified. The consensus substrate sequence is -RX(K/R)R▼X- (X can be any amino acid, ▼ represents the cleavage site). The conformational change of viral proteins can be triggered by a low pH in the endosomes, as in the case of influenza virus, or by the interaction with a secondary receptor protein at the cell surface, as the case of HIV. In flaviviruses, the functional roles of charged residues locate to the SPC consensus sequence in cleavage site of prM protein and provide cleavability affect to virus replication. Changes in the prM-cleavage level were associated with altered proportions of extracellular virions and subviral particles. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is a critical determinant of the pathogenicity of avian influenza viruses, with a clear link between HA cleavability and virulence. The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, in which contain high numbers of basic amino acid sequence at the HA cleavage site, can be converted to low numbers of basic amino acid sequence of a typical avirulent virus. The processing by SPCs is an important control mechanism for the biological activity of viral surface proteins. The molecular mechanisms underlying the recognition of SPCs by viral glycoproteins were described, including recent findings demonstrating differential SPC-recognition of viral and cellular substrates. Proteolytic activation of envelope glycoproteins is necessary for entry of viruses into the host cell and, hence, for their ability to undergo multiple replication cycles. Proteolytic cleavage is the first step in the activation of virus fusion proteins and is followed by a conformational change resulting in the exposure of the fusion domain. The conformational change can be triggered by a low pH in the endosomes, or by the interaction with a secondary receptor protein at the cell surface.
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    PublicationOpen Access
    Urinary markers in Babesia canis vogeli-infected dogs
    (2016) Sivapong Sungpradit; Rapeeporn Pikhroh; Wanvisa Thanasaksakul; Mahidol University. Faculty of Veterinary Science. Department of Pre-clinic and Applied Animal Science
    Canine babesiosis, a life-threatening tick-borne blood parasitic disease in dogs, caused by Babesia canis vogeli, is a health problem in companion animals. The disease causes febrile illness, hemolytic anemia, pre-hepatic jaundice, and thrombocytopenia. Moreover, renal dysfunction from babesiosis has been reported. The purpose of this study was to investigate urinary markers that might be sensitive and specific for the early detection of renal dysfunction in B. c. vogeli-infected dogs. Blood and urine samples were collected from 11 dogs. The blood and urine samples were divided into two groups. B. c. vogeli-infected dogs group including six infected dogs as confirmed by microscopic examination and multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Non-infected dogs group included five healthy dogs. Blood samples were subjected to hematology and biochemistry analysis while urine samples were stored at -80oC until analyzed. Three candidate urinary markers (urinary immunoglobulin G, uIgG; urinary C-reactive protein, uCRP; and urinary retinol-binding protein, uRBP) were examined using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA); two additional candidate markers, aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT) and urinary creatinine to serum creatinine ratio (UCr/SCr) were also studied. The results demonstrated that hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and hematocrit were significantly different between B. c. vogeli-infected dogs and non-infected dogs while the candidate markers were not. In conclusion, the selected candidate markers could not be used as urinary markers for renal dysfunction in B. c. vogeli-infected dogs. However, further study should investigate other urinary markers such as albumin, tubular enzymes, and tubular proteins as well as high-throughput technologies such as the proteomic approach.