Lewis J. HaddowRobert ColebundersGraeme MeintjesStephen D. LawnJulian H. ElliottYukari C. ManabePaul R. BohjanenSomnuek SungkanuparphPhilippa J. EasterbrookMartyn A. FrenchDavid R. BoulwareKing's College LondonThe Nelson R. Mandela Medical SchoolPrins Leopold Instituut voor Tropische GeneeskundeUniversiteit AntwerpenUniversity of Cape TownLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineUniversity of Cape Town, Faculty of Health SciencesAlfred HospitalMacfarlane Burnet Institute for Medical ResearchMakerere UniversityThe Johns Hopkins School of MedicineUniversity of Minnesota Twin CitiesMahidol UniversityUniversity of Western AustraliaRoyal Perth Hospital2018-09-242018-09-242010-11-01The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Vol.10, No.11 (2010), 791-802147330992-s2.0-78049441467https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/29498Cryptococcal immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) may present as a clinical worsening or new presentation of cryptococcal disease after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and is thought to be caused by recovery of cryptococcus-specific immune responses. We have reviewed reports of cryptococcal IRIS and have developed a consensus case definition specifically for paradoxical crytopcoccal IRIS in patients with HIV-1 and known cryptococcal disease before ART, and a separate definition for incident cryptococcosis developed during ART (termed ART-associated cryptococcosis), for which a proportion of cases are likely to be unmasking cryptococcal IRIS. These structured case definitions are intended to aid design of future clinical, epidemiological, and immunopathological studies of cryptococcal IRIS, to standardise diagnostic criteria, and to facilitate comparisons between studies. As for definitions of tuberculosis-associated IRIS, definitions for cryptococcal IRIS should be regarded as preliminary until further insights into the immunopathology of IRIS permit their refinement. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.Mahidol UniversityMedicineReviewSCOPUS10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70170-5