Ragnar LarssonBörje FolkessonPlacido M. SpazianteWaret VeerasaiRobert H.B. ExellSuFuCell ABMahidol UniversityKing Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi2018-08-202018-08-202006-04-01Renewable Energy. Vol.31, No.4 (2006), 549-552096014812-s2.0-28844491723https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/23227This paper reports the development of a fuel cell consisting of a vanadium flow battery in which the vanadium ions are reduced by sugar (from a carbohydrate) to oxidation state +3 on one side of a membrane, and are oxidized to state +5 on the other side by oxygen. The theoretical upper limit to the conversion efficiency of the energy in sugar by this method under standard conditions is 54%. We have obtained efficiencies up to 45% in our laboratory tests. This way of using biomass for electricity production avoids the Carnot cycle losses in heat engines. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Mahidol UniversityEnergyArticleSCOPUS10.1016/j.renene.2005.04.006