Bahare FazeliPavel PoredosMalay PatelPeter Klein-WeigelMariella CatalanoEdwin StephenMussaad M. Al SalmanLouay AltaraziAbul H. BasharBenjamin ChuaMary P. ColganIvan CvjetkoSanjay DesaiEvangelos P. DimakakosDilek ErerKatalin FarkasGerry R. FowkesGrigorios GerotziafasEmad HusseinMihai IonacTakehisa IwaiOguz KarahanEndre KolossvaryAlbert KotaMatija KozakKnut KrogerPrabhu P. KumarAaron LiewRafal MaleckiMohammad H. NajafiDan Mircea OlinicSandeep R. PandeyZsolt PecsvaradyHassan RavariVimalin SamuelGerit SchernthanerDheepak SelvarajNuttawut SermsathanasawadiHiva SharebianiAgata StanekAndrzej SzubaHossein TaheriJean C. WautrechtMustafa Hakan ZorSiriraj HospitalAlanya Alaaddin Keykubat UniversityVascular and Endovascular Surgery Research CenterSaolta University Health Care GroupEdinburgh Medical SchoolSultan Qaboos University HospitalHôpital ErasmeIslamic Azad UniversityUniversità degli Studi di MilanoEthnikó ke Kapodistriakó Panepistímio AthinónSlaski Uniwersytet Medyczny w KatowicachNUS Yong Loo Lin School of MedicineUniverzitetni Klinični Center LjubljanaGazi University, Faculty of MedicineKlinikum Ernst von BergmannAin Shams UniversityUniversitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Victor Babes din TimisoaraHôpital TenonKing Saud UniversityUniversitatea de Medicina si Farmacie Iuliu Hatieganu din Cluj-NapocaMedizinische Universität WienWroclaw Medical UniversityUniversity of Zagreb School of MedicineRamaiah Medical CollegeTokyo Medical and Dental UniversitySt James's HospitalMashhad University of Medical Sciences, School of MedicineChristian Medical College, VelloreMedical Association of Slovenia and SMACardiovascular Diseases and HospitalFarabi HospitalApollo-CVHF HospitalVaricose Veins and Vascular Polyclinic (VVVC)Annapurna HospitalHELIOS Klinik KrefeldSt. Imre University Teaching HospitalFlor Ferenc Teaching Hospital2022-08-042022-08-042021-01-01International Angiology. Vol.40, No.5 (2021), 395-40818271839039295902-s2.0-85119366887https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/78567Even today thromboangiitis obliterans has disease features that remain misunderstood or underappreciated. The epidemiology, etiology and pathophysiology of the disease are still unclear. Biomarkers and disease activity markers are lacking, thus clinical assessment is difficult. We are still struggling to establish unique diagnostic, staging and treatment criteria. This is an academic-collaborative effort to describe the pathophysiology, the clinical manifestations, the diagnostic approach, and the challenges of management of patients with TAO. A systematic search for relevant studies dating from 1900 to the end of 2020 was performed on the PubMed, SCOPUS, and Science Direct databases. Given the intriguing nature of presentation of TAO, its management, to some extent is not only different in different regions of the world but also varies within the same region. Following this project, we discovered ambiguity, overlap and lack of clear-cut criteria for management of TAO. An international group of experts however came to one conclusion. They all agree that management of TAO needs a call for action for a renewed global look with multi-center studies, to update the geographical distribution of the disease and to establish a unique set of diagnostic criteria and a consensus-based guideline for best treatment based on current evidence.Mahidol UniversityMedicineReviewSCOPUS10.23736/S0392-9590.21.04712-X