Amin GasmiTorsak TippairotePavan Kumar MujawdiyaMassimiliano PeanaAlain MenzelMaryam DadarAsma Gasmi BenahmedGeir BjørklundRamathibodi HospitalCouncil for Nutritional and Environmental MedicineRazi Vaccine & Serum Research Institute, IranLaboratoires Reunis Kutter-Lieners-Hastert Centre LangwiesUniversità degli Studi di SassariBirla Institute of Technology and Science, PilaniThailand Institute for Functional MedicineAcadémie Internationale de Médecine Dentaire IntégrativeSociété Francophone de Nutrithérapie et de Nutrigénétique Appliquée2022-08-042022-08-042021-05-01Clinical Immunology. Vol.226, (2021)15217035152166162-s2.0-85104157796https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/77296Worldwide, scientists are looking for specific treatment for COVID-19. Apart from the antiviral approach, the interventions to support healthy immune responses to the virus are feasible through diet, nutrition, and lifestyle approaches. This narrative review explores the recent studies on dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions that influence the microbiota-mediated immunomodulatory effects against viral infections. Cumulative studies reported that the airway microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 leverage each other and determine the pathogen-microbiota-host responses. Cigarette smoking can disrupt microbiota abundance. The composition and diversification of intestinal microbiota influence the airway microbiota and the innate and adaptive immunity, which require supports from the balance of macro- and micronutrients from the diet. Colorful vegetables supplied fermentable prebiotics and anti-inflammatory, antioxidant phytonutrients. Fermented foods and beverages support intestinal microbiota. In sensitive individuals, the avoidance of the high immunoreactive food antigens contributes to antiviral immunity. This review suggests associations between airway and intestinal microbiota, antiviral host immunity, and the influences of dietary, nutritional, and lifestyle interventions to prevent the clinical course toward severe COVID-19.Mahidol UniversityImmunology and MicrobiologyMedicineReviewSCOPUS10.1016/j.clim.2021.108725