Daniel J. KlionskyAmal Kamal Abdel-AzizSara AbdelfatahMahmoud AbdellatifAsghar AbdoliSteffen AbelHagai AbeliovichMarie H. AbildgaardYakubu Princely AbuduAbraham Acevedo-ArozenaIannis E. AdamopoulosKhosrow AdeliTimon E. AdolphAnnagrazia AdornettoElma AflakiGalila AgamAnupam AgarwalBharat B. AggarwalMaria AgnelloPatrizia AgostinisJaved N. AgrewalaAlexander AgrotisPatricia V. AguilarS. Tariq AhmadZubair M. AhmedUlises Ahumada-CastroSonja AitsShu AizawaYunus AkkocTonia AkoumianakiHafize Aysin AkpinarAhmed M. Al-AbdLina Al-AkraAbeer Al-GharaibehMoulay A. Alaoui-JamaliSimon AlbertiElísabet Alcocer-GómezCristiano AlessandriMuhammad AliM. Abdul Alim Al-BariSaeb AliwainiJavad AlizadehEugènia AlmacellasAlexandru AlmasanAlicia AlonsoGuillermo D. AlonsoNihal Altan-BonnetDario C. AltieriÉlida M.C. ÁlvarezSara AlvesCristine Alves da CostaMazen M. AlzaharnaMarialaura AmadioConsuelo AmantiniCristina AmaralSusanna AmbrosioAmal O. AmerVeena AmmanathanZhenyi AnStig U. AndersenShaida A. AndrabiMagaiver Andrade-SilvaAllen M. AndresSabrina AngeliniDavid AnnUche C. AnozieMohammad Y. AnsariPedro AntasAdam AntebiZuriñe AntónTahira AnwarLionel ApetohNadezda ApostolovaToshiyuki ArakiYasuhiro ArakiKohei ArasakiWagner L. AraújoJun ArayaCatherine ArdenMaria Angeles ArévaloSandro ArguellesEsperanza AriasJyothi ArikkathHirokazu ArimotoAileen R. AriosaDarius Armstrong-JamesLaetitia Arnauné-PelloquinAngeles ArocaDaniela S. ArroyoIvica ArsovRubén ArteroDalia Maria Lucia AsaroMichael AschnerMilad AshrafizadehOsnat Ashur-FabianAtanas G. AtanasovAlicia K. AuPatrick AubergerHolger W. AunerLaure AurelianDepartement Cellulaire en Moleculaire GeneeskundeUniversité Côte d'AzurThe Francis Crick Institutei3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, PortugalIndian Institute of Technology RoparCentre du Cancer SegalInstitute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of SciencesUniversidade Nove de JulhoTIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and MedicineBiotech Research & Innovation CentreIslamic University of GazaGulf Medical UniversityUniversidad de SevillaNOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de LisboaTokyo University of Pharmacy and Life SciencesStanford University School of MedicineSapienza Università di RomaThe Jikei University School of MedicineJohannes Gutenberg-Universität MainzIstituto Europeo di OncologiaAarhus UniversitetAlma Mater Studiorum Università di BolognaUniversidad del Pais VascoUniversite Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIBen-Gurion University of the NegevThe University of Alabama at BirminghamUniversità degli Studi di CamerinoUniversität WienUniversity of Michigan, Ann ArborThe University of SydneyOsaka UniversityUniversity of CologneUniversity of California, San FranciscoUC Davis School of MedicineNational Institute of Neuroscience, KodairaCSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC)Leibniz Institut fur PflanzenbiochemieUiT The Arctic University of NorwayCleveland Clinic FoundationUniversity of BristolImperial College Faculty of MedicineUniversità della CalabriaRajshahi UniversityInstitutionen för Experimentell Medicinsk VetenskapTechnische Universität DresdenKræftens BekæmpelseUniversità degli Studi di PalermoUniversity of TorontoAin Shams UniversityCedars-Sinai Medical CenterWilmer Eye InstituteMedical Research CouncilThe University of Tennessee, KnoxvilleUniversità degli Studi di PaviaUniversidade Federal de São PauloUT Medical Branch at GalvestonUniversidade Federal de VicosaUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineUniversity of Crete Medical SchoolHospital Universitari de BellvitgeMedizinische Universität WienMax Rady College of Medicine, University of ManitobaThe Wistar InstituteThe Institute of Cancer ResearchSabancı ÜniversitesiUniversity of DundeeTohoku UniversityMedizinische Universitat InnsbruckHoward University College of MedicineHebrew University of JerusalemNational Eye Institute (NEI)City of Hope National Med CenterUniversidade do PortoCity University of New YorkSafar Center for Resuscitation ResearchKoç ÜniversitesiMedizinische Universität GrazNewcastle UniversityUniversidad MayorColby CollegeTel Aviv UniversityPasteur Institute of IranNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)Iowa State UniversityThe Ohio State UniversityUniversidad de la LagunaHelsingin YliopistoUniversitat de ValènciaNihon UniversityAlbert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva UniversityUniversitat de BarcelonaUniversidad de Buenos AiresNortheastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and PharmacyInsermUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaSave as Ravi ManjithayaInterdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED)Inflammation Research Center2022-08-042022-08-042021-01-01Autophagy. Vol.17, No.1 (2021), 1-38215548635155486272-s2.0-85102619204https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/76399In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.Mahidol UniversityBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyReviewSCOPUS10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280