Siriluck AnunnatsiriWipada ChaowagulPrapit TeparrukkulPloenchan ChetchotisakdKittisak TanwisaidSupphachoke KhemlaSurapong NarenpitakMoragot PattarapongsinWirod KongsawasdPornrith PisuttimarnWilawan ThipmontreePiroon MootsikapunSeksan ChaisuksantWirongrong ChierakulNicholas P.J. DayDirek LimmathurotsakulFaculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol UniversityChaiyapoom HospitalUdon Thani Center HospitalFaculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen UniversityKhon Kaen UniversityMaharaj Nakhon Ratchasima HospitalKhon Kaen Regional HospitalNuffield Department of MedicineSunpasitthiprasong HospitalNakhon Phanom HospitalSrisaket Hospital2022-08-042022-08-042021-12-06Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Vol.73, No.11 (2021), e3627-e3633153765912-s2.0-85111784703https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/77410BACKGROUND: Treatment of melioidosis comprises intravenous drugs for at least 10 days, followed by oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for 12 to 20 weeks. Oral TMP-SMX is recommended for 12 weeks in Australia and 20 weeks in Thailand. METHODS: For this open-label, pragmatic, multicenter, noninferiority, randomized controlled trial, we enrolled patients with culture-confirmed melioidosis who had received oral eradication treatment for 12 weeks and had no clinical evidence of active melioidosis. We randomly assigned patients to stop treatment (12-week regimen) or continue treatment for another 8 weeks (20-week regimen). The primary end point was culture-confirmed recurrent melioidosis within 1 year after enrollment. The noninferiority margin was a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.0. The secondary composite end point, combining overall recurrent melioidosis and mortality, was assessed post hoc. RESULTS: We enrolled 658 patients: 322 to the 12-week regimen and 336 to the 20-week regimen. There were 5 patients (2%) in the 12-week regimen and 2 patients (1%) in the 20-week regimen who developed culture-confirmed recurrent melioidosis (HR, 2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], .52-13.69). The criterion for noninferiority of the primary event was not met (1-sided P = .37). However, all-cause mortality was significantly lower in the 12-week regimen group than in the 20-week regimen group (1 [.3%] vs 11 [3%], respectively; HR, 0.10; 95% CI, .01-.74). The criterion for noninferiority of the secondary composite end point, combining overall recurrent melioidosis and mortality, was met (1-sided P = .022). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the lower total mortality and noninferiority of the secondary composite end point observed, we recommend the 12-week regimen of TMP-SMX for oral eradication treatment of melioidosis. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT01420341.Mahidol UniversityMedicineArticleSCOPUS10.1093/cid/ciaa1084