Ramanpong J.Yin J.Wang C.W.Wu C.D.Yu C.P.Mahidol University2026-04-092026-04-092026-06-01Virtual Reality Vol.30 No.2 (2026)13594338https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/115987This study investigates the physiological and psychological restorative effects of transitions from urban environments to natural environments, with a focus on the presence or absence of water features. Addressing gaps in the understanding of the immediate health benefits of nearby nature, particularly urban blue spaces compared to green spaces, the study utilizes Virtual Reality (VR) technology to simulate these transitions. Sixty adult participants were randomly assigned to experience VR simulations of urban environments followed by either natural environments with water (blue spaces) or without water (green spaces). Physiological responses (heart rate, blood pressure, heart rate variability) and psychological responses (mood states, restorative components) were measured across three time points. The findings indicate a general trend of physiological relaxation over time, as evidenced by reduced heart rates, regardless of the type of natural environment viewed. Participants transitioning to environments with water also experienced greater reductions in negative emotions (fatigue, anger, depression) and higher increases in positive emotions (vigor) compared to those in environments without water. Although both green and blue spaces provided similar restorative effects, such as enhanced feelings of being away, fascination, and compatibility, water elements were more effective in boosting positive mood states. This study highlights the potential role of water features in enhancing relaxation and emotional well-being during urban-to-natural environment transitions. These findings suggest significant implications for urban design, advocating the inclusion of water elements to promote public health and foster more sustainable cities.Computer ScienceArticleSCOPUS10.1007/s10055-025-01292-02-s2.0-10503382277414349957