Vanessa K. WongStephen BakerThomas R. ConnorDerek PickardAndrew J. PageJayshree DaveNiamh MurphyRichard HollimanArmine SeftonMichael MillarZoe A. DysonGordon DouganKathryn E. HoltJulian ParkhillRobert A. KingsleyNicholas R. ThomsonJacqueline A. KeaneJames HadfieldElizabeth J. KlemmSimon R. HarrisAmy K. CainSamuel KariukiChinyere OkoroCalman A. MacLennanNga Tran Vu ThieuDuy Pham ThanhCorinne ThompsonChristiane DolecekJames I. CampbellGuy ThwaitesJeremy FarrarPaul N. NewtonDavid DancePaul TurnerE. Kim MulhollandJane HawkeyDavid J. EdwardsNicholas A. FeaseyFrançois Xavier WeillSimon Le HelloPeter J. HartRobert F. BreimanRobert S. OnsareConall H. WatsonW. John EdmundsMelita A. GordonRobert S. HeydermanChisomo MsefulaJan JacobsOctavie LunguyaJose A. ChabalgoityMike KamaKylie JenkinsShanta DuttaFlorian MarksJosefina CamposStephen ObaroKaren H. KeddyAnthony M. SmithChristopher M. ParryAbhilasha KarkeySabina DongolBuddha BasnyatAmit ArjyalMuriel DufourDon BandaranayakeWellcome Trust Sanger InstituteAddenbrooke's HospitalUCLNuffield Department of Clinical MedicineLondon School of Hygiene & Tropical MedicineCardiff UniversityPublic Health EnglandBarts and The London NHS TrustUniversity of MelbourneBio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteLiverpool School of Tropical MedicineQuadram Institute BioscienceInstitut Pasteur, ParisUniversity of BirminghamKenya Medical Research InstituteCenters for Disease Control and PreventionEmory Global Health InstituteUniversity of LiverpoolUniversity of Malawi College of MedicinePrins Leopold Instituut voor Tropische GeneeskundeKU LeuvenNational Institute for Biomedical ResearchUniversity Hospital of KinshasaUniversidad de la Republica Instituto de HigieneMinistry of HealthnullNational Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases IndiaInternational Vaccine Institute, SeoulANLIS-Carlos G Malbran InstituteUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterUniversity of AbujaBingham UniversityUniversity of WitwatersrandNagasaki UniversityOxford University Clinical Research UnitMurdoch Children's Research InstituteInstitute of Environmental Science and Research Limited (ESR)ESR - Kenepuru Science CentreSamoa Ministry of HealthOrganisation Mondiale de la SanteHasanuddin UniversityMahosot HospitalTupua Tamasese Meaole HospitalMahidol UniversityChelsea and Westminster HospitalUniversity of OtagoAngkor Hospital for ChildrenUniversity of CambridgeSt Augustine's Hospital2018-12-112019-03-142018-12-112019-03-142016-01-01Nature Communications. Vol.7, (2016)204117232-s2.0-84991011519https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/43228© The Author(s) 2016. The population of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, exhibits limited DNA sequence variation, which complicates efforts to rationally discriminate individual isolates. Here we utilize data from whole-genome sequences (WGS) of nearly 2,000 isolates sourced from over 60 countries to generate a robust genotyping scheme that is phylogenetically informative and compatible with a range of assays. These data show that, with the exception of the rapidly disseminating H58 subclade (now designated genotype 4.3.1), the global S. Typhi population is highly structured and includes dozens of subclades that display geographical restriction. The genotyping approach presented here can be used to interrogate local S. Typhi populations and help identify recent introductions of S. Typhi into new or previously endemic locations, providing information on their likely geographical source. This approach can be used to classify clinical isolates and provides a universal framework for further experimental investigations.Mahidol UniversityBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyChemistryArticleSCOPUS10.1038/ncomms12827