Sébastien J. PuechmailleMeriadeg Ar GouilhPiyathip PiyapanMedhi YokubolKhin Mie MiePaul J. BatesChutamas SatasookTin NweSi Si Hla BuIain J. MacKieEric J. PetitEmma C. TeelingUniversity College DublinMahidol UniversityInstitut Pasteur, ParisPrince of Songkla UniversityYangon UniversityCentre for Systematics and Biodiversity ResearchHinthada UniversityUniversity of AberdeenEcosystemes, Biodiversite, EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Ornithology2018-05-032018-05-032011-12-29Nature Communications. Vol.2, No.1 (2011)204117232-s2.0-84455194198https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/11402The sensory drive theory of speciation predicts that populations of the same species inhabiting different environments can differ in sensory traits, and that this sensory difference can ultimately drive speciation. However, even in the best-known examples of sensory ecology driven speciation, it is uncertain whether the variation in sensory traits is the cause or the consequence of a reduction in levels of gene flow. Here we show strong genetic differentiation, no gene flow and large echolocation differences between the allopatric Myanmar and Thai populations of the world's smallest mammal, Craseonycteris thonglongyai, and suggest that geographic isolation most likely preceded sensory divergence. Within the geographically continuous Thai population, we show that geographic distance has a primary role in limiting gene flow rather than echolocation divergence. In line with sensory-driven speciation models, we suggest that in C. thonglongyai, limited gene flow creates the suitable conditions that favour the evolution of sensory divergence via local adaptation. © 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.Mahidol UniversityBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyChemistryPhysics and AstronomyArticleSCOPUS10.1038/ncomms1582