Plessas-Azurduy P.Garfinkle J.Beltempo M.Porraccio C.Lapointe A.Wazneh L.Wutthigate P.Spénard S.Sbrocchi A.M.Racine M.B.Mawad W.Cavallé-Garrido T.Shalish W.Sant’Anna G.Altit G.Mahidol University2026-05-052026-05-052026-04-01Children Vol.13 No.4 (2026)https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/116547Background: Postnatal corticosteroids (CS) improve respiratory outcomes in preterm infants, but effects on growth and neurodevelopment remain incompletely understood. Methods: This third instalment of a narrative review series builds on physiologic principles to examine systemic CS consequences. Main Findings: We explore the interplay between growth restriction, hypoxia, and neurodevelopmental vulnerability, discussing brain imaging, metabolic disruptions, and HPA axis suppression. Conclusion: This review advocates for a holistic, physiology-informed approach to optimize outcomes by integrating nutritional vulnerability with cardiorespiratory status.MedicineReviewSCOPUS10.3390/children130404752-s2.0-10503722192822279067