Harold SzuPornchai ChanyagornWilliam HwangMike PaulinTakeshi YamakawaGeorge Washington UniversityMahidol UniversityDuke UniversityUniversity of OtagoKyushu Institute of Technology2018-07-242018-07-242004-08-01International Congress Series. Vol.1269, No.C (2004), 46-49053151312-s2.0-33750132295https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/21596We survey swarm intelligence from microorganisms (bacteria phenol/genotypes of Myxococcus xanthus, and marine light quorum sensing in V. fischeri) to colonizing insects (ants, bees, termites) and flocking animals (pelicans). All seem to rely on some sensors for communication including local chemical pheromone secretions. We conclude that swarming robots prefer to operate at the equilibrium, at minimum free energy H=E−ToS, in cases of truly unsupervised learning among teammates without constant attention of human master. © 2004 Elsevier B.V.Mahidol UniversityMedicineArticleSCOPUS10.1016/j.ics.2004.06.013