Kiatichai FaksriJun Hao TanAreeya DisratthakitEryu XiaTherdsak PrammanananPrapat SuriyapholChiea Chuen KhorYik Ying TeoRick Twee Hee OngAngkana ChaiprasertKhon Kaen UniversityNational University of SingaporeMahidol UniversityNUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringThailand National Center for Genetic Engineering and BiotechnologyA-Star, Genome Institute of Singapore2018-12-112019-03-142018-12-112019-03-142016-08-01PLoS ONE. Vol.11, No.8 (2016)193262032-s2.0-84983537846https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/43154© 2016 Faksri et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Multi-drug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR and XDR-TB) are problems that threaten public health worldwide. Only some genetic markers associated with drugresistant TB are known. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) is a promising tool for distinguishing between re-infection and persistent infection in isolates taken at different times from a single patient, but has not yet been applied in MDR and XDR-TB. We aim to detect genetic markers associated with drug resistance and distinguish between reinfection and persistent infection from MDR and XDR-TB patients based on WGS analysis. Samples of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 7), serially isolated from 2 MDR cases and 1 XDR-TB case, were retrieved from Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok. TheWGS analysis used an Illumina Miseq sequencer. In cases of persistent infection, MDR-TB isolates differed at an average of 2 SNPs across the span of 2-9 months whereas in the case of reinfection, isolates differed at 61 SNPs across 2 years. Known genetic markers associated with resistance were detected from strains susceptible to streptomycin (2/7 isolates), p-aminosalicylic acid (3/7 isolates) and fluoroquinolone drugs. Among fluoroquinolone drugs, ofloxacin had the highest phenotype-genotype concordance (6/7 isolates), whereas gatifloxcain had the lowest (3/7 isolates). A putative candidate SNP in Rv2477c associated with kanamycin and amikacin resistance was suggested for further validation. WGS provided comprehensive results regarding molecular epidemiology, distinguishing between persistent infection and reinfection in M/XDR-TB and potentially can be used for detection of novel mutations associated with drug resistance.Mahidol UniversityAgricultural and Biological SciencesBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyArticleSCOPUS10.1371/journal.pone.0160992