Suthep RuangwisesPiyawat SaipanNongluck RuangwisesChulalongkorn UniversityKhon Kaen UniversityMahidol University2018-11-092018-11-092014-01-01Wheat and Rice in Disease Prevention and Health. (2014), 393-3992-s2.0-84903224540https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/33787Rice is a staple food for people in many countries in all parts of the world. Arsenic in food, including rice, is present in several forms that have different toxicities. Inorganic arsenic species (AsIIIand AsV) are the most toxic forms of arsenic present in food. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified inorganic arsenic, but not organic arsenic, in Group 1, as carcinogenic to humans. There has been increasing concern about the health implications regarding exposure to inorganic arsenic through rice consumption. An extensive review of published reports has shown that no epidemiological studies have been conducted indicating the health effects associated with the ingestion of inorganic arsenic through consumption of rice. Several studies suggested that drinking water containing high levels of inorganic arsenic plays a major role in the health risk of cancers among people residing in arsenic-contaminated areas. Two leading research groups in this field have concluded that "At present, it is impossible to fully assess the health risk of arsenic in rice," and "Even if epidemiological studies were to be initiated, it would take decades to understand how elevated arsenic in rice affects lifetime health outcomes". © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Mahidol UniversityDentistryMedicineChapterSCOPUS10.1016/B978-0-12-401716-0.00030-1