Bowman R.Arazi M.Cassoux N.Foster A.Gomel N.Kapelushnik N.MacLeod D.Fabian I.D.Bowman R.Zondervan M.Ziko O.A.O.Zia N.Zhilyaeva K.Zheng X.Zhao J.Zhang Y.Zhang C.Zein E.Zapata López A.M.Yuliawati P.Yousef Y.A.Ye H.Yarovoy A.A.Yarovaya V.A.Yaqub M.A.Yanga J.M.Yang H.Yam J.C.Xiao Y.Xiang D.Wongwai P.Dod C.W.Wiwatwongwana D.Wiwatwongwana A.Wime A.D.C.Wilson M.W.Weiss A.Wang Y.Z.Wali Nigeria A.H.Wade P.D.Waddell K.Wackernagel W.Wachtel A.E.Vora T.Vishnevskia-Dai V.Villacís Chafla E.G.Viksnins M.Victor A.A.Verma N.Veleva-Krasteva N.V.Vaughan L.O.Vasquez L.Varadisai A.van Hoefen Wijsard M.Valeina S.Usmanov R.H.Ushakova T.L.Urbak S.F.Uner O.E.Unal E.Umar A.B.Tyau-Tyau H.Tuncer S.Trichaiyaporn S.Traoré F.Trang D.L.Toledano H.Theophile T.Teh K.H.Teixeira L.F.Tehuteru E.S.Tateshi B.Tashvighi M.Tarrillo Leiva F.F.Tandili A.Tan D.Tamamyan G.Sylla F.Svojgr K.Suzuki S.Surukrattanaskul S.Supriyadi E.Superstein R.Sundy M.Sun X.Sultana S.Suarez M.E.C.Strahlendorf C.Stones D.K.Kranjc B.S.Stathopoulos C.Stahl E.D.Staffieri S.E.Stacey A.W.Ssali G.Sorochynska T.Soebagjo H.D.Skalet A.H.Sitorus R.S.Singha P.Mahidol University2026-03-122026-03-122026-02-01Eye Basingstoke Vol.40 No.3 (2026) , 390-3980950222Xhttps://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/115645Purpose: To describe presentation, treatment and outcomes for a cohort of children presenting with retinoblastoma (Rb) throughout Europe during 2017. Methods: A prospective analysis of 483 patients diagnosed in Europe between Jan 1, 2017, and Dec 31, 2017, then treated and followed up for 3 years. Results: Unilateral cases 339/483 (70%) predominated, presenting older (mean age 26 months) than the 144 (30%) bilateral cases (mean age 12 months p < 0.0005). Only 4/477 (0.8%) children had extra-ocular Rb at presentation (mean age 53 months vs 21 months for those without p = 0.002). Children from middle income countries did not present older, but were more likely (p < 0.001) to present with late-stage disease (3-4) than high-income children (74/151 (49%) vs 108/332 (33%), RR 1.25 95%CI 1.09–1.44). For unilaterals, primary treatment was intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) in 29% and intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) in 20%. For bilaterals, primary treatment was IVC in 113/144 (78%) and IAC in 14/144 (10%). Overall, 58% of children underwent enucleation, 36% of which as primary treatment. Risk of enucleation was determined by stage and laterality, but not economic status. Twelve (2.5%) children died from Rb. More children (OR = 146-7 13.9–1549.4, p < 0.0005) presenting with extra-ocular tumour died (3 of 4 (75%)) than with intra-ocular tumour (9/449 (2%)) More children (OR = 29.8 3.8–232.0, p < 0.0005), from middle income countries died from Rb (11/132 (8%)) than from high income countries (1/327 (0.3%)). Conclusion: Even within a wealthy continent such as Europe, economic factors may influence survival, but not global salvage rates. The majority of children still lose an eye.NeuroscienceMedicineArticleSCOPUS10.1038/s41433-025-04144-y2-s2.0-1050296301031476545441408393