Zhou S.Zhang Y.Yang Z.Xu R.Huang W.Wu Y.Xu Z.Gao Y.Liu Y.Yu W.Yu P.Chen G.Ju K.Ye T.Wen B.Zhang Y.Abramson M.Morawska L.Johnston F.H.Hales S.Coelho M.S.Z.S.Guo Y.L.Heyworth J.Kliengchuay W.Knibbs L.Lavigne E.Marks G.Matus P.Morgan G.Sadiva P.H.N.Tantrakarnapa K.Guo Y.Li S.Mahidol University2025-10-302025-10-302025-12-01Nature Communications Vol.16 No.1 (2025)https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/112828Children are particularly vulnerable to landscape fire sourced fine particulate matter (LFS PM<inf>2.5</inf>), yet evidence on its health effects remains limited. Here we show that short-term exposure to LFS PM<inf>2.5</inf> is associated with increased hospital admissions for multiple diseases in children and adolescents. We analysed daily hospital admission data from 1012 communities in seven countries/territories, linked to a high-resolution LFS PM<inf>2.5</inf> dataset. Each 10 μg/m³ increase in LFS PM<inf>2.5</inf> was associated with elevated risks for all-cause (1.1%), respiratory (1.9%), infectious (1.5%), cardiovascular (2.9%), neurological (2.8%), diabetes (3.7%), cancer (1.5%), and digestive (0.8%) hospital admissions. Risks for respiratory, infectious, and neurological conditions increased even at low exposure, while others rose only above 15-20 μg/m³. Children aged 5-9 years and those in lower socioeconomic areas were especially affected. These findings highlight the health burden of LFS PM<inf>2.5</inf> in young people and the urgent need to reduce exposure and protect vulnerable populations.ChemistryChemistryBiochemistry, Genetics and Molecular BiologyPhysics and AstronomyMultidisciplinaryArticleSCOPUS10.1038/s41467-025-64411-02-s2.0-10501956306420411723