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Verbal numeral classifiers in languages of Eastern Eurasia: A typological survey
(2024-01-01) Honkasalo S.; Yurayong C.; Honkasalo S.; Mahidol University
This article presents a typological survey of verbal numeral classifiers (VNCs) in languages of Eastern Eurasia. As classifiers of occurrence (e.g., to V once, to V twice), VNCs are prevalent in languages of East Asia and Southeast Asia, yet the phenomenon has been largely overlooked in typological studies that have overwhelmingly focused on the adnominal use of numeral classifiers. Analyzing a sample of 543 linguistic varieties, the study categorizes the language families of Eastern Eurasia into three groups based on their use of VNCs: 1) VNCs consistently present in all languages (e.g., Tai-Kadai); 2) VNCs present in some languages (e.g., Sino-Tibetan); and 3) VNCs consistently absent (e.g., Yukaghir). Additionally, the meanings of VNCs are shown to follow a non-random distribution by centering on certain semantic fields, such as quantifying hits with 'verbs of violence'. The study aims to offer the first step toward an areal typological study of VNCs, highlighting the importance of including this phenomenon in future descriptive work.
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What Do LGBTQ+ Medical Students Experience and Need in Medical School? A Multicenter Qualitative Study in Thailand
(2024-10-01) Srifuengfung M.; Wiwattarangkul T.; Vadhanavikkit P.; Wiwattanaworaset P.; Chiddaycha M.; Oon-Arom A.; Wainipitapong S.; Srifuengfung M.; Mahidol University
Purpose This study evaluated the experiences and needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and other sexual and gender minorities (LGBTQ+) attending medical schools in Thailand. Method Medical students from 4 medical schools in Thailand were recruited in 2022. LGBTQ+ participants were selected via purposive sampling and invited for semistructured interviews. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Interviews were conducted with 39 students identifying as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, questioning, nonbinary, asexual, or androgynous, with a mean age of 21. The experiences of these LGBTQ+ individuals in medical school had 4 themes: (1) normalization of LGBTQ+ identity among friends, or not openly identifying as LGBTQ+ (because it was viewed as unnecessary), facilitated everyday life; (2) fear of negative judgments from being LGBTQ+ by attending physicians and patients; (3) authenticity to sexual or gender identity provided relief; and (4) personal histories of discrimination affected self-disclosure and social dynamics. Overall, approximately 17% of reported stressors were directly associated with participants' LGBTQ+ identity. The identified needs within medical schools comprised 2 themes: (1) treat each other with equal respect (with 3 subthemes: nonjudgmental attitudes supported by effective discrimination reporting systems, more LGBTQ+-related education and extracurricular activities, and activities driven by voluntariness without gender-based selection); and (2) abolishment or amendment of regulations that strictly enforce gender binaries. These amendments could include implementing flexible dress codes, establishing gender-neutral restrooms and dormitories, and introducing gender-neutral titles. Transgendered participants reported experiencing the most significant disparities due to binary regulations and infrastructures. Conclusions LGBTQ+ medical students in Thailand reported fear of negative perceptions by attending physicians and patients. Exposing everyone, particularly attending physicians, to examples of unintentional discrimination is recommended. There is also a need to promote LGBTQ+-related education and extracurricular activities and to ensure activities and regulations are not gender divided.
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Comparative study of the propagation and plaque titration conditions for human coronavirus OC43 as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2
(2024-10-04) Niyomdecha N.; Boonarkart C.; Thongon S.; Auewarakul P.; Niyomdecha N.; Mahidol University
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is threatening human health globally. The development of effective drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is hindered by the limited access to high-biosafety-level facilities. Although human coronavirus (HCoV) OC43, a low-pathogenic endemic human coronavirus, has been used as a surrogate virus for SARS-CoV-2 research, a standard technique for HCoV-OC43 culture and plaque titration has not been established. Our objective was to establish optimized culture and titration protocols for HCoV-OC43. The growth kinetics and permissibility to HCoV-OC43 infection of seven different cell lines were examined concurrently at two different temperatures, 33°C and 37°C. Cell lines exhibiting a cytopathic effect (CPE) were selected for plaque titration. No significant difference in the rate of cell growth was observed at the two temperatures tested. Interestingly, HCoV-OC43 was found not to be a high-temperature-sensitive virus, since it grew well at 37°C. Although RD, LLC-MK2, MRC-5, and HCT-8 cell lines supported virus growth with an obvious cytopathic effect and a high yield of virus after two days of infection, only RD cells were suitable for producing countable plaques. The incubation of the cells with 1.2% low-viscosity Avicel as an overlay medium at 37°C for 4 days appeared to promote clearer and sharper plaque morphology. However, further optimization of the plaque titration protocol is still required due to the continued observation of plaque size variation and hazy zones. We propose a cost-effective protocol for HCoV-OC43 culture and plaque titration that can be implemented at a standard conventional temperature without the need for additional special equipment.
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Systematic scoping review of ageing in place strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand: A comparative analysis
(2024-01-01) Satchanawakul N.; Liangruenrom N.; Thang L.L.; Satchanawakul N.; Satchanawakul N.; Mahidol University
Objective: Given the differing cultural contexts and service needs of older persons in the west and the east, programs or policies should be thoughtfully redesigned to accommodate these diverse societies. This paper presents a systematic scoping review of ageing in place (AIP) strategies in Japan, Singapore and Thailand, emphasising how they are tailored to address the unique challenges of ageing populations in Asia. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted through seven databases. Empirical, peer-reviewed studies in English that discussed AIP-related programs or policies involving aged populations in the target countries were included. Themes were identified using the policy triangle framework, allowing for a comprehensive comparison of AIP across the countries. Results: Three key components of AIP, place, support network and workforce, were identified from 44 included studies. Each country exhibits distinctive approaches to implementing these components. Japan has extensive AIP systems with comprehensive services and strong community and family support. Singapore offers innovative aged care with significant government involvement, though on a smaller scale. Thailand's localised initiatives focus on community health care and age-friendly city assessments, with a less developed AIP infrastructure. Conclusions: The study proposes a comprehensive framework for developing ageing policies in Asia, emphasising the need for a person-centred approach in developing AIP strategies that cater to the diverse needs of ageing populations, and underscores the importance of integrating health-care services, community support and home environment modifications. The three AIP elements advocate for a person-centred approach, providing valuable insights for policymakers to effectively manage challenges of rapidly ageing populations.
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Shared Initiatives in Education and Knowledge Between ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific Countries for Sustainability
(2024-01-01) Srichampa S.; Srichampa S.; Mahidol University
This chapter presents some initiatives in education, and knowledge sharing between ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific countries for sustainability by focusing on people-to-people connectivity, particularly education cooperation. The ASEAN body of knowledge and Indo-Pacific traditional medicines should be researched and published through digital platforms for health security. In today’s world, there are numerous uncertainties: climate change, the risk of severe natural disaster, pandemics like Covid-19, wars and conflicts to name but a few. As ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific countries have different development levels, many countries still depend on agriculture to support their economy, making them self-reliant for food which can also be exported. Therefore, the late King Bhumibol’s philosophy for sustainable development is raised as an efficient tool which can be applied by people and the government for achieving some of the SDGs.