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Towards sustainable sugar industry in Thailand: Cost and benefit analysis
(2025-01-01) Junkraweekoon R.; Kwonpongsagoon S.; Kingphadung K.; Junkraweekoon R.; Mahidol University
This study analyzes the financial costs and benefits associated with various agricultural practices, industrial processes, products, byproducts and waste management, starting from sugarcane plantations to the end users of products and byproducts of sugar processing. The field survey and data collection were conducted using face-to-face interviews during the 2020/21 crop year. The findings indicate that the total variable sugar production cost of the entire industry is 864 USD per ton of raw sugar crystal, with 77% coming from sugarcane production and 23% from the sugar production process. The highest cost of sugarcane production was in the weed control process, accounting for 38%, followed by fertilizer application, planting, sugarcane transported to the mill, harvesting, and others (land preparation, insecticide control and crop maintenance) at 24, 14, 11, 8 and 5%, respectively. The findings of Benefit-Cost Ratio, Net Present Value, and Internal Rate of Return analysis indicate that for the process of cane production and the entire sugar industry, the benefit category I, by using three main byproducts: 1) selling molasses for other uses or production; 2) selling filter cake as fertilizer, and 3) using bagasse as fuel to generate electricity, is the most economically feasible. Although all profits are returned only to the sugar factory, using these byproducts and wastes can bring enormous environmental benefits. Moving towards a sustainable sugar industry in Thailand, a need exists to improve sugarcane production by reducing production costs, e.g., reducing inputs such as chemicals, fertilizer and fuels, and increasing sugarcane productivity.
Thaitone Colors: Language Structure and Relationship to Thai Society
(2022-01-01) Taibanguai K.; Srichampa S.; Taibanguai K.; Mahidol University
This article aims to analyze the language structure of basic color terms and non-basic color terms of Thaitone and to examine how these color terms relate to culture and environment in the Thai context. The present research uses analysis based on ethnolinguistic concepts, semantic fields and sociocultural perspectives. The results indicate that 156 Thaitone colors can be divided into ten groups: red, yellow, orange, green, black, white, blue, purple, gold, and brown. Thaitone colors are currently at the seventh stage of the Berlin & Kay's hierarchy of basic color terms and consist of nine basic color terms, except sky blue, dark blue, and pink. Thaitone naming construction can be seen in both basic and non-basic color terms. For basic color terms, only one method appears—basic color term without comparison—while four constructions have been developed for non-basic color terms: 1) non-basic terms without comparison, 2) non-basic color terms with comparison added, 3) non-basic color terms with modifying words added, and 4) only comparison words. All comparison words are found to be the name of entities consisting of 90 inanimate names, 19 animate names, and 6 supernatural names. The semantic domains show that these color terms are closely linked to Thai society and the environment. This relationship can be observed in four basic concepts, namely: 1) Thai society adheres to beliefs, faith, and religious power; 2) Thai society is rich in natural objects; 3) Thai society has a variety of ways of life; and 4) Thai society places a strong emphasis on rhetoric.
The Netherworld, Reincarnation, and Karmic Retribution through the Events of Injustice and Revenge in Sanguozhi Pinghua
(2023-05-01) Thaithosaeng P.; Intagorn S.; Thaithosaeng P.; Mahidol University
Objectives: This article attempts to explore the influence of Buddhism in the literary work Sanguozhi Pinghua through the stories of injustice and revenge. During the span of approximately 2,000 years, Buddhism and Chinese culture have influenced each other in a complex manner; as a result, local Buddhist beliefs have emerged from this process. In addition to the Buddhist sutras, other forms of literature, such as tales, are also an important source for the laity to understand Buddhism. Sanguozhi Pinghua is a tale recounting the story of the Three Kingdoms period diffused with the local beliefs of Buddhism and other Chinese religions. This research aims to examine the Buddhist influence on Sanguozhi Pinghua in three themes: the netherworld, reincarnation, and retribution. We propose that Sanguozhi Pinghua reveals commoners’ interpretation of Buddhist beliefs, which may not have been recorded in the Buddhist sutras, such as the concept of collective karma. Methods: This research compared literary works and Buddhist scriptures. Results: The results indicate that the concepts of the netherworld, reincarnation, and retribution in Sanguozhi Pinghua are a mixture of Buddhist influence and Chinese local beliefs, resulting in a significant deviation from the teachings in Buddhist scriptures. Application of this study: This study hopes to offer a nuanced interaction between Buddhism and Chinese culture, which can be considered one of the models for studying religions in the society.
Multimodal Imaging of Osteosarcoma: From First Diagnosis to Radiomics
(2025-02-01) Cè M.; Cellina M.; Ueanukul T.; Carrafiello G.; Manatrakul R.; Tangkittithaworn P.; Jaovisidha S.; Fuangfa P.; Resnick D.; Cè M.; Mahidol University
Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor characterized by the production of an osteoid matrix. Although histology remains the definitive diagnostic standard, imaging plays a crucial role in diagnosis, therapeutic planning, and follow-up. Conventional radiography serves as the initial checkpoint for detecting this pathology, which often presents diagnostic challenges due to vague and nonspecific symptoms, especially in its early stages. Today, the integration of different imaging techniques enables an increasingly personalized diagnosis and management, with each contributing unique and complementary information. Conventional radiography typically initiates the imaging assessment, and the Bone Reporting and Data System (Bone-RADS) of the Society of Skeletal Radiology (SSR) is a valuable tool for stratifying the risk of suspicious bone lesions. CT is the preferred modality for evaluating the bone matrix, while bone scans and PET/CT are effective for detecting distant metastases. MRI reveals the extent of the lesion in adjacent soft tissues, the medullary canal, and joints, as well as its relationship to neurovascular structures and the presence of skip lesions. Advanced techniques such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and perfusion MRI help characterize the tumor environment and assess treatment response. Osteosarcoma comprises a range of subtypes with differing clinical and imaging characteristics, some of which are particularly distinctive, such as in the case of telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Knowledge of these variants can guide radiologists in the differential diagnosis, which includes both central and surface forms, ranging from highly aggressive to more indolent types. In this review, we present a wide range of representative cases from our hospital case series to illustrate both typical and atypical imaging presentations. Finally, we discuss recent advancements and challenges in applying artificial intelligence approaches to the imaging of osteosarcoma.
Association of myopia and parapapillary choroidal microvascular density in primary open-angle glaucoma
(2025-02-01) Suwan Y.; Chansangpetch S.; Fard M.A.; Pooprasert P.; Chalardsakul K.; Threetong T.; Tipparut S.; Saaensupho T.; Tantraworasin A.; Hojati S.; Kafieh R.; Danesh H.; Petpiroon P.; Supakontanasan W.; Suwan Y.; Mahidol University
Background/Aims To compare parapapillary choroidal microvascular (PPCMv) densities between myopic eyes with and without glaucoma. Methods In this retrospective study, OCTA images (4.5 × 4.5 mm) were obtained using a commercial spectral-domain OCTA system. PPCMv density was calculated in inner and outer annuli using customized software. Marginal model of generalized estimating equations was established to adjust for confounding factors and intraclass correlations. Results This study included 35 myopic eyes with glaucoma (MG), 96 non-myopic eyes with glaucoma (NMG) matched for visual field mean deviation, 37 myopic eyes without glaucoma (MNG), and 73 control eyes from three tertiary centers. The participant ages were (mean [standard deviation, SD]) 57.43 [11.49], 60.40 [10.07], 52.84 [9.35], and 54.74 [12.07] years. Inner and outer annular PPCMv densities (mean [SD]) decreased in the following order: control (0.15 [0.04] and 0.12 [0.04]), MNG (0.14 [0.08] and 0.12 [0.08]), NMG (0.09 [0.05] and 0.07 [0.04]), and MG (0.09 [0.04] and 0.07 [0.03]). The mean differences in PPCMv density between glaucoma groups (NMG and MG) and the control group (mean difference [95% confidence interval]) were −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04, P<0.001 for inner whole annular PPCMv density in NMG vs control) and −0.07 (−0.10 to −0.04, P<0.001 for inner whole annular PPCMv density in MG vs control), consistent across all regions of interest (ROIs). No significant interaction was observed between glaucoma and myopia after adjustment for potential confounders (P>0.112). Conclusions Parapapillary choroidal microvascular density attenuation tends to be greater in eyes with glaucoma than in eyes with myopia.