Mahidol University's Institutional Repository
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Recent Submissions
Anticoccidial Resistance in Eimeria spp. From Thai Broiler Farms Using Shuttle Programs
(2026-01-01) Tongkamsai S.; Boobphahom S.; Apphaicha R.; Sreta D.; Limpavithayakul K.; Chansiripornchai N.; Tongkamsai S.; Mahidol University
Coccidiosis is a widespread poultry disease caused by Eimeria species and significantly affects performance and productivity. In the field, co-infections with multiple Eimeria species are commonly observed. While prophylactic coccidiostats are commonly used in feed for disease control, their extensive application has led to drug resistance, especially with the widespread use of shuttle programs in broiler production in Thailand. Understanding the resistance profiles of commonly used anticoccidials is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This study assessed the sensitivity of field isolates of Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina), E. maxima, and E. tenella from broiler farms in Thailand using four anticoccidial sensitivity tests (ASTs). A dose-titration trial was conducted to determine effective inoculation doses, focusing on lesion induction and reduced weight gain while minimizing mortality. A total of 112-day-old broiler chicks were used to evaluate sensitivity to three widely used anticoccidial agents: narasin combined with nicarbazin, salinomycin, and maduramicin. Sensitivity assessment was conducted using four key indices: the anticoccidial index (ACI), the percentage of optimum anticoccidial activity (POAA), the reduction of lesion scores (RLS), and the relative oocyst production (ROP). During the study, broilers were fed the same combination of narasin + nicarbazin in the starter diet, while the in-feed anticoccidial in the grower phase was either maduramicin or salinomycin. Following inoculation with oral doses of sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina (2 × 105), E. maxima (1 × 105), and E. tenella (1.5 × 104), both medicated and infected-unmedicated groups showed significantly lower weight gain compared to uninfected controls (p < 0.05). While both salinomycin and maduramicin treatments significantly reduced intestinal lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding compared with the infected-unmedicated group (p < 0.05), the reductions were incomplete. Notably, the calculated indices yielded discordant results: ACI and ROP values initially suggested sensitivity, whereas POAA and RLS indicated reduced efficacy. According to the study’s composite point system—where resistance in two indices signifies moderate resistance—the field isolates were classified as moderately resistant to both salinomycin and maduramicin. Histopathological analysis supported this, confirming that while medication reduced the severity of infection, it did not entirely prevent Eimeria colonization. This study provides the first systematic AST evaluation of Thai Eimeria isolates under shuttle-program conditions. The findings highlight the emergence of moderate drug resistance even within these structured programs, emphasizing a critical practical relevance for the poultry industry. To sustain long-term efficacy in Thai broiler production, there is an urgent need for strategic drug rotation and the integration of alternative control measures, such as vaccination and bio-shuttle strategies.
Impact of general anesthesia with vasopressor support on uteroplacental perfusion during fetal spina bifida repair
(2026-01-01) Vergote S.; Van der Veeken L.; Van den Eede E.; Arai T.; Watananirun K.; Brenders A.; Deprest J.; Bleeser T.; Devroe S.; Van de Velde M.; Devlieger R.; van der Merwe H.; De Catte L.; Lewi L.; Russo F.; Van Calsteren K.; Lannoo L.; Vergote S.; Mahidol University
Objectives: To evaluate the combined effect of maternal general anesthesia and vasopressor support on uterine hemodynamics during the second trimester in pregnancies undergoing fetal spina bifida repair and to determine whether fetal spina bifida repair alters uteroplacental perfusion. Methods: This was a prospective single-center study conducted at the Fetal Medicine Unit of University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium between August 2021 and April 2025. All participants underwent fetal spina bifida repair under general anesthesia with vasopressor support, titrated to maintain a mean arterial pressure ≥ 90% of the preoperative baseline value. Uterine artery (UtA) and umbilical artery Doppler measurements were obtained at six timepoints: (1) the day before surgery to establish preoperative baseline values; (2) immediately after epidural catheter placement, initiation of general anesthesia and intubation (at the initiation of noradrenaline); (3) 5 min after initiation of general anesthesia with vasopressor support; (4) at the end of surgery, after maternal skin closure and before extubation; (5) on postoperative day 1; and (6) on postoperative day 6. The primary outcome was the change in UtA pulsatility index (PI) 5 min after initiation of general anesthesia compared with the preoperative baseline value. Secondary outcomes included UtA blood flow estimated from time-averaged maximum velocity and vessel diameter and fetal umbilical artery Doppler parameters. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and mixed-effects models. Results: A total of 33 women undergoing fetal spina bifida repair were included, of whom 23 underwent open repair and 10 underwent fetoscopic repair. At the preoperative baseline, median UtA-PI was 0.77 (interquartile range (IQR), 0.64–0.95), median UtA resistance index (RI) was 0.52 (IQR, 0.45–0.59) and median UtA blood flow was 307.5 (IQR, 209.8–542.2) mL/min. At 5 min after the initiation of general anesthesia with vasopressor support, UtA-PI (median, 0.87 (IQR, 0.68–1.04)) and UtA blood flow (median, 310.7 (IQR, 199.0–421.4) mL/min) were comparable to baseline values (both P > 0.05). At this timepoint, umbilical artery PI was higher than the baseline value (P = 0.008) while fetal heart rate decreased. At the end of surgery, UtA-PI (median, 1.46 (IQR, 1.04–2.21)) and UtA-RI (median, 0.76 (IQR, 0.62–0.91)) were elevated compared with baseline values (both P < 0.001) and UtA blood flow was reduced (median, 182.1 (IQR, 79.8–351.5) mL/min; P = 0.031). Elevation of UtA-PI and UtA-RI persisted on postoperative days 1 and 6, but umbilical artery indices generally normalized back to preoperative baseline levels. There were no significant differences in UtA or fetal Doppler parameters between surgical techniques. Conclusions: General anesthesia with vasopressor support preserved uterine perfusion and blood flow without increasing vascular resistance. During fetal spina bifida repair, UtA resistance increased and UtA blood flow decreased. These parameters did not normalize back to preoperative baseline values within 6 days after surgery. In contrast, perioperative fetal Doppler changes resolved immediately postoperatively © 2026 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Association between quadriceps muscle strength and ultrasound-derived echogenicity in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A cross-sectional study
(2026-07-01) Kantiya A.; Fungkiatphaiboon P.; Praoprirtpirom K.; Tangsriwong K.; Wang H.K.; Wattananon P.; Kantiya A.; Mahidol University
Background Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is commonly associated with quadriceps weakness and altered knee mechanics. While muscle quantity is frequently assessed, the role of muscle quality, indirectly represented by ultrasound-derived echogenicity, remains unclear in this population. This study aimed to compare quadriceps strength between individuals with PFPS and healthy controls (CON) and to explore whether quadriceps strength is associated with rectus femoris echogenicity, age, BMI, and knee function. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 55 participants with PFPS and 43 healthy controls. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging was used to measure rectus femoris echogenicity at rest and during contraction at 5% body weight. Quadriceps strength was assessed using hand-held dynamometry, and knee function was evaluated using the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS). Results The PFPS group demonstrated significantly lower quadriceps strength than the CON group ( P = 0.045). In the PFPS group, quadriceps strength was significantly and inversely correlated with resting echogenicity ( r = −0.284, P = 0.035), contraction echogenicity ( r = −0.296, P = 0.028), and age ( r = −0.381, P = 0.004). Quadriceps strength was positively correlated with KOOS scores ( r = 0.434, P = 0.001). However, after controlling for age and BMI, the associations between quadriceps strength and resting echogenicity ( r = −0.167, P = 0.233) and contraction echogenicity ( r = −0.173, P = 0.215) were attenuated and no longer statistically significant. No significant correlations were observed in the CON group. Conclusion Individuals with PFPS demonstrated reduced quadriceps strength. Rectus femoris echogenicity may provide complementary information regarding muscle quality, but its association with strength appears to be partly influenced by age and BMI.
Natural Rubber-Based Soft Robotic Gripper with Tunable Performance
(2026-05-22) Sriring M.; Watcharakan T.; Meesaringkarn S.; Sriring S.; Khanchaitit P.; Sirisinha C.; Sriring M.; Mahidol University
Natural rubber (NR) offers a sustainable and mechanically robust alternative to synthetic elastomers for soft robotics, but its broader adoption has been limited by challenges in fabricating the intricate geometries required for advanced actuator architectures. In response, we employ a gelling-assisted latex casting process with 3D-printed molds to reliably fabricate NR-based actuators with varied geometric parameters and systematically investigate their actuation behaviors. Under pneumatic actuation, bending efficiency and sensitivity of the actuator increased with chamber number and height, resulting in enhanced gripping performance, whereas increased chamber wall thickness suppressed actuation and grasping capability. To assess the influence of material stiffness, actuators fabricated from NR with different cross-link densities (3.26 × 10–5, 5.62 × 10–5, and 6.94 × 10–5 mol/g) were further examined. Actuators with lower cross-link density exhibited greater bending ability and higher sensitivity at low actuation pressures, whereas higher cross-link density enhanced mechanical stiffness and burst resistance, enabling stable operation at elevated pressures. As a result, actuators with low, medium, and high cross-link densities achieved maximum gripping forces of 10.85, 11.99, and up to 18.25 N at actuation pressures of 125, 150, and 200 kPa, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the actuation performance of NR-based soft robotics can be precisely tailored through the synergistic optimization of geometric design and rubber network structure. Finally, a four-arm soft gripper assembled from the optimized NR actuators effectively manipulated a range of delicate objects, highlighting the potential of NR as a sustainable and versatile material for next-generation soft robotic systems.
Prioritizing multi-stakeholder solutions for autonomous delivery robot implementation in urban last-mile logistics: An integrated socio-technical systems and institutional theory framework
(2026-06-01) Sumrit D.; Apiwatvaravong S.; Sumrit D.; Mahidol University
Autonomous delivery robots (ADRs) are widely promoted as a solution to improve efficiency in urban last-mile logistics, yet their large-scale adoption remains limited. This is mainly due to social, regulatory, and infrastructure-related challenges rather than technological constraints. This study develops a structured decision-making framework to analyze ADR implementation barriers and to identify effective multi-stakeholder solutions while accounting for uncertainty and interdependencies in expert judgments. The results show that ADR barriers are highly interconnected. Institutional arrangements and infrastructure conditions act as underlying drivers that influence many other challenges, whereas public acceptance, cybersecurity concerns, and human–robot interaction issues largely emerge as outcomes of weak governance and limited system readiness. Safety compliance and risk liability are identified as the most influential barriers, followed by cybersecurity vulnerabilities and cultural or behavioral constraints. These findings indicate that progress in ADR adoption depends more on clear responsibilities, trust, and social readiness than on further technological development alone. The solution analysis shows that governance- and infrastructure-oriented actions are more effective than isolated technical measures. Ethical guidelines, clear legal frameworks, and stronger industry collaboration are identified as the most effective strategies, highlighting the need for coordinated action among regulators, technology developers, and logistics service providers. Theoretically, the study reinforces the view that ADRs should be understood as part of a broader urban system rather than as standalone technologies. Practically, the findings provide clear guidance for stakeholders seeking to enable responsible and scalable ADR deployment in urban last-mile logistics.