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The development of the Internal Resource Perception Scale: Validity and reliability
(2026-04-01) Saipanish R.; Putthisri S.; Srikosai S.; Kaesornsamut P.; Pandee P.; Prachason T.; Chattrattai T.; Saipanish R.; Mahidol University
Background The perception of internal resources influences mental well-being and unlocks the potential for personal growth. However, there is currently no tool that directly addresses perceptions of internal resources. This cross-sectional psychometric study aimed to develop a tool for assessing personal perceptions of internal resources in a Thai context. Methods The Internal Resource Perception Scale (IRPS) was developed through a comprehensive literature review, a focus group interview, and the research team’s expertise. Content validity was assessed by experts in inner growth and psychotherapy. A convenience sample of 514 Thai adults participated in an empirical examination of the scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine the factor structure, and construct validity was examined using Spearman’s correlations between IRPS scores and other validated psychological measures. Results The scale content validity index (S-CVI) of the 42-item IRPS was .94, with item content validity index (I-CVI) values ranging from .80 to 1.00. The EFA and item reduction identified 25 items loaded onto four factors: Compassionate and Ethical Nature, Adaptable Mindset, Responsible Spirit, and Logical Perspective, explaining 62.4% of the observed variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the four-factor structure, while a bifactor model indicated a strong general factor underlying the scale. The scale showed excellent internal consistency (McDonald’s omega = .96). The IRPS scores demonstrated positive correlations with measures of well-being (Resilience Inventory, ρ = .58; Revised Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, ρ = .37; World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index, ρ = .38) and negative correlations with measures of distress (Patient Health Questionnaire, ρ = −.41; Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, ρ = −.34). Conclusions The IRPS demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can serve as a useful tool for understanding how individuals perceive their own internal resources. It can help individuals improve their self-awareness, learning, and personal growth. Its applicability in clinical settings should be explored in future research.
Critiques on Contemporary Discourse of International Human Rights Law: a Global South Perspective
(2022-07-31) Pratiwi C.S.; Listiningrum P.; Al Anwary M.A.Z.; Pratiwi C.S.; Mahidol University
International human rights law faces various critiques among scholars such as Mutua and Posner. Mutua claims that international human rights law fails to accommodate cultural values, while Posner demands its effectiveness. Referring to Langford, this paper uses a critical analytic approach to evaluate Posner’s critique and Mutua’s main thoughts. Langford's critiques of Mutua and Posner are significant in mediating the discourses by providing current evidence. While opposing Posner and Mutua’s critiques of international human rights law, this paper supports Langford’s counter critiques for three reasons. First, Langford's comprehension can ensure that IHRL not only accommodates individual rights but also communal rights. Second, Langford’s recent study indicates the effectiveness of international human rights law. Third, Langford develops a new optimism that social rights are justiciable although the strategic idea of integrating human rights with development still needs to be elaborated further. Therefore, it is significant to follow Langford’s suggestion to optimise international human rights law as the most recognised general standard to prevent human rights violations against abusive power.
Welcome Address from General Chair
(2025-01-01) Suthakorn J.; Suthakorn J.; Mahidol University
AI in Algorithmic Trading: A Cybernetic and Ethical Perspective on Equality and Market Sustainability in the Thai Stock Market
(2026-01-01) Iso K.; Bukkavesa K.; Iso K.; Mahidol University
Background and Objectives: AI-driven algorithmic trading (AI-trading) is reshaping financial markets by improving efficiency and decision-making. Yet, its growing influence raises ethical concerns about human agency, inequality, and market sustainability. This paper aims to (1) examine how AI-trading reshapes the relationship between human traders and intelligent systems, particularly in the evolving context of cognitive alienation; and (2) assess how AI-trading contributes to inequality by reinforcing unequal access to cognitive and technological infrastructure. In addressing the second aim, the paper also considers whether AI-trading, through its reflexive and adaptive functions, should be viewed as a moral agent, providing an ethical basis for evaluating responsibility with respect to sustainability and governance. Methodology: This study adopts a qualitative and conceptual research design with a normative ethical orientation to examine the implications of AI-trading in financial markets. It is grounded in interdisciplinary perspectives, particularly cybernetics, philosophy of technology, and financial theory. The study develops a theoretical framework for understanding AI-trading as an embedded component of a socio-technical system, rather than as a purely technical tool. The research combines conceptual analysis with a case-based examination of the Thai capital market. The Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET) serves as an empirical context to illustrate how AI-trading systems interact with market structures and participant behavior. This design connects abstract ethical concerns, such as cognitive alienation and inequality, with observable patterns in financial systems. Results: The findings suggest that AI-trading is contributing to a developing state of human cognitive alienation, as decision-making processes are increasingly outsourced to autonomous systems. This shifts responsibility and weakens ethical awareness in financial practices. While AI can democratize expertise, it may also reinforce inequality by granting significant advantages to those with superior access to data, speed, and infrastructure. In Thailand, this trend is reflected in the declining participation of retail investors and the growing concentration of market share among brokerage firms, suggesting increasing systemic imbalances. Discussion: Evidence from the Thai stock market indicates rising market concentration alongside the growth of AI-trading, particularly as reflected in the increasing dominance of a single brokerage firm. While causality cannot be definitively established, parallel trends suggest a potential association between AI-trading and structural concentration. Scenario analysis highlights both potential benefits, such as improved efficiency and liquidity, and risks, including reduced participation, unintended collusion, and systemic instability. These developments challenge assumptions of market efficiency and raise ethical concerns regarding cognitive alienation and the evolving role of human agency in financial decision-making. Conclusions: Ethical oversight of AI-trading should extend beyond technical regulation to address its impact on human agency and market fairness. This study highlights the need to improve transparency, expand access to AI tools, and strengthen investor education to reduce inequality and mitigate cognitive alienation. In the Thai context, measures such as AI usage disclosure and real-time monitoring may help manage systemic risks. More broadly, ensuring that AI-trading supports market diversity and does not reinforce structural imbalances is essential for long-term sustainability. Future research should further explore cultural and behavioral factors shaping AI-trading adoption.
Genetic crosses using fluorescently labelled malaria parasites indicate advantages of outcrossing in Plasmodium falciparum
(2026-04-29) Li X.; Jutzeler K.; Abatiyow B.; Rezakhani N.; Haile M.; Leeb A.; Patel H.; Kappe S.; Nosten F.; Cheeseman I.H.; Ferdig M.; Anderson T.J.C.; Vaughan A.; Kumar S.; Li X.; Mahidol University
Malaria parasites are obligately sexual hermaphrodite protozoans, with gamete fusion occurring in the mosquito midgut, followed by meiosis and recombination. Parasite populations display a range of mating structures, from predominantly selfing to highly outcrossed; yet, the fitness consequences of selfing versus outcrossing remain poorly understood. This project investigated gamete fusion dynamics within mosquitoes and compared the fitness of selfed and outcrossed zygotes. We generated fluorescently labelled clones of NF54 (mCherry; African) and NHP4026 (GFP; Thai), crossed these parasites and genotyped 8540 oocysts from 435 mosquitoes collected 7-14 days post-infection. In two independent crosses, we observed decreasing proportions of outcrossed oocysts and increasing selfing over time. This pattern is consistent with the faster maturation of outcrossed oocysts compared with selfed oocysts. Our results suggest a substantial fitness advantage of outcrossing, potentially due to the removal of deleterious mutations accumulated during asexual replication in the vertebrate host. We also found that selfed NF54 oocysts were larger than either outcrossed or selfed NHP4026 oocysts, which may influence sporozoite production and transmission potential. Fluorescently labelled parasites provide clear resolution of mating patterns, temporal dynamics and transmission potential in mosquitoes. Importantly, faster maturation of outcrossed parasites may maximize levels of recombination in transmitted malaria parasite populations.