Mahidol University's Institutional Repository
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Recent Submissions
Can the International Court of Justice Shape Global Climate Action Through Law, Authority, and Accountability?
(2024-07-01) Novita A.; Lestari E.; Sanni T.; Min Z.; Arifin R.; Srisawat K.; Novita A.; Mahidol University
Climate change presents an unprecedented challenge to the international legal order, raising urgent questions about responsibility, compliance, and enforcement. This article examines whether the International Court of Justice (ICJ) can meaningfully shape global climate action through its legal authority and judicial functions. It analyzes the Court’s potential role in clarifying states’ obligations under international law, particularly in relation to environmental protection, human rights, and the principle of due diligence. By assessing both contentious cases and advisory opinions, the article explores how the ICJ may influence state behavior even in the absence of direct enforcement mechanisms. The study situates the ICJ within the broader framework of international climate governance, including treaties such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. It evaluates how the Court's interpretations of customary international law, state responsibility, and transboundary harm could contribute to greater legal accountability for climate-related conduct. Particular attention is given to the growing momentum behind climate litigation and recent initiatives seeking advisory opinions on states' climate obligations. While acknowledging institutional limitations-such as jurisdictional constraints, state consent, and political resistance the article argues that the ICJ possesses significant normative power. Its judgments and opinions can shape legal discourse, influence domestic courts, and strengthen the legitimacy of climate obligations under international law. Ultimately, the article contends that the ICJ can play a transformative, though indirect, role in global climate action by reinforcing legal standards, enhancing accountability, and contributing to the development of a coherent international response to climate change.
Violin Note Spectrum Detection Based on a Multi-Fundamental Frequency Estimation Algorithm
(2026-01-01) Zhang F.; Li Z.; Zhang F.; Mahidol University
Traditional fundamental frequency estimation methods often exhibit misjudgments when processing polyphonic violin music due to harmonic overlaps, which significantly limit the accuracy of automatic music transcription systems. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a method for detecting violin note spectra based on a multi-fundamental frequency estimation algorithm. First, to mitigate the interference of fundamental information in the cepstrum, a note-corrected reverse-banding process is introduced. This approach enhances cepstral peaks while suppressing high-frequency noise, thereby improving the accuracy of fundamental period recognition. Second, a multi-resolution rapid time– frequency analysis method (RTFI) is employed for harmonic extraction, effectively separating overlapping harmonic components and improving the precision of fundamental frequency estimation. Finally, given the temporal variability of note spectral features, a single-frame multi-fundamental-frequency phased-estimation method is developed. This method separately estimates the transient and steady-state stages of each note, further enhancing the accuracy of multi-fundamental frequency estimation. Experimental results demonstrate that, across tests involving one to nine notes, the proposed algorithm outperforms existing approaches such as HPS, ISSA, and JEA in terms of recall, precision, and F-measure metrics. Notably, under the complex scenario of six simultaneous notes, the proposed algorithm achieves an F-measure of 94%, significantly exceeding those of the comparison methods. In addition, the proposed method shows superior performance in fundamental frequency count estimation and note label recognition, with a markedly lower total error rate.
ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights (AICHR)
(2022-01-01) Hanara D.; Bon E.; Hanara D.; Mahidol University
Stability study of ready-to-use vancomycin prefilled injections in polypropylene syringes and low-density polyethylene bags for neonates
(2026-01-01) Suksiriworapong J.; Suriyarangsee M.; Leanpolchareanchai J.; Laohajeeraphan M.; Sirisuksan V.; Suksiriworapong J.; Mahidol University
Vancomycin is extensively used to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in neonates. Ready-to-use vancomycin injection solutions prefilled into sterile syringes and bags may help improve operational efficiency. Previous stability studies primarily relied on HPLC for drug content, often lacking concurrent evaluation of antibiotic potency via microbial assay, identification of degradation products, or assessment of sterility at the end of the shelf life. Furthermore, information was limited regarding head-to-head stability comparisons across different container sizes for ready-to-use vancomycin solutions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the physical, chemical, and microbiological stability of a 5 mg/mL vancomycin solution in 5% dextrose by providing a head-to-head comparison across different sized containers (10-, 20-, and 50-mL polypropylene (PP) syringes and a 100-mL low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bag) while assessing both vancomycin content (HPLC) and antibiotic potency (microbial assay) and confirming sterility at the end of the shelf life. The drug solutions in all size containers had a pH range of 3.60–3.64, an osmolality of 245–249 mOsm/kg, a %labeled amount of 99–103% as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, and an antibiotic potency of 99–101%. The vancomycin solutions were physically and chemically stable for 55 days at 5±3 °C when stored in the 10- and 20-mL PP syringes and 100-mL LDPE bag and protected from light. Under similar storage conditions, the solution in the 50-mL PP syringe had a shelf life of only 30 days at 5±3 °C owing to an exceeding limit for degradation products and impurities. All the solutions were sterile at the end of their shelf life. Therefore, these prefilled vancomycin solutions can be prepared and stored in a pharmacy service unit in a hospital for subsequent administration of the drug to neonates.
The effects of chlorthalidone and furosemide on serum creatinine in Thai patients with stage 4 and 5 chronic kidney disease: Retrospective cohort study.
(2026-01-01) Chungwatanakit T.; Thaipreecha P.; Nosoongnoen W.; Chungwatanakit T.; Mahidol University
Chlorthalidone has been shown to lower blood pressure in CKD stages 4–5 but may raise serum creatinine (SCr), particularly when combined with furosemide. Data in Asian populations remain limited. This retrospective cohort study, conducted at Ramathibodi Hospital, included patients with stage 4-5 CKD who were recruited between April 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022 and followed until January 31, 2024. From 904 screened patients, 30 participants receiving chlorthalidone were enrolled and categorized into three groups: (1) chlorthalidone with unchanged furosemide dose (n=8), (2) chlorthalidone with reduced or discontinued furosemide (n=8), and (3) chlorthalidone without furosemide (n=14). The primary endpoint was an increase in SCr >25% from baseline. Secondary outcomes included changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and adverse events, followed for up to 18 months. At baseline, mean eGFR was 22 ± 7 mL/min/1.73 m2 and mean SCr was 2.6 ± 1.4 mg/dL. Group 1 showed the largest rise in SCr, with a 168.8% median increase (from 3.57 to 6.37 mg/dL) at 18 months and 100% (4/4) experiencing an SCr rise >25%. Group 2 maintained stable renal function with median SCr decreasing slightly from 1.79 to 1.73 mg/dL Group 3 had a mild upward median SCr from 1.94 to 2.41 mg/dL with 75% experiencing an SCr increase >25% in both groups. Adverse events occurred in 88%, 63%, and 86% of patients in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Concomitant chlorthalidone with unchanged furosemide accelerated renal function decline, whereas reducing or discontinuing furosemide appeared more protective. Careful adjustment of diuretic regimens may mitigate risk when combining these agents. However, larger prospective studies are warranted.