Mahidol University's Institutional Repository
คลังสารสนเทศสถาบันของมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล
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Recent Submissions
Hexavalent Chromium Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Neurons and Astrocytes via MAPK Pathway Activation
(2026-01-01) Phuagkhaopong S.; Sukprasert R.; Settacomkul R.; Ospondpant D.; Suknuntha K.; Khemawoot P.; Power C.; Vivithanaporn P.; Phuagkhaopong S.; Mahidol University
Hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]), one of the major heavy metals in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), has been linked to increased risks of neurological impairment and brain cancer. However, the direct effect of Cr(VI) on brain cells remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the cell type–specific cytotoxicity of Cr(VI) at environmentally relevant concentrations to cultured human neurons and astrocytes. Our findings showed that higher concentrations of Cr(VI) were required to induce cell death in human astrocytes (IC50 of 32.05 µM at 24 h) than in the human neurons (IC50 of 24.55 µM at 24 h). The neurotoxicity effects associated with elevated intracellular chromium levels included DNA damage (decreased poly[ADP–ribose] polymerase expression), mitochondria-mediated apoptosis (increased caspase 3/7 activation), and autophagy (increased light chain 3 [LC3]–II to LC3–I levels accompanied by decreased p62 expression). Activation of the MAPK signalling pathway triggered Cr(VI) –induced brain death. Furthermore, Cr(VI) exposure induced S–phase accumulation in U-87 MG cells by altering cell cycle–related protein expression, specifically by upregulating CDK inhibitors (p21, p27, and p53) and downregulating cyclin B, cyclin D, and CDK4. Together, these findings demonstrate that the mechanisms underlying Cr(VI)-induced neurotoxicity were similar between the two cell types and further highlight the importance of increased awareness of chromium pollution and its impact on human health.
Design and Development of a Gamified Web Platform to Enhance Design-Based Digital Maker Skills in Thai FabLabs
(2025-01-01) Precharattana M.; Phengpom T.; Kitrungloadjanaporn P.; Sanium S.; Jirakittayakorn N.; Precharattana M.; Mahidol University
The Fourth Industrial Revolution has redefined essential competencies for future-ready learners, emphasizing digital literacy, computational thinking, and interdisciplinary problem-solving. In response, Thailand has integrated coding into its national curriculum and established over 150 FabLabs to foster student innovation. However, challenges such as limited engagement, instructional tools, and collaboration persist. This study presents the design and development of a gamified web application to enhance secondary students' Design-Based Digital Maker Skills. Developed using the ADDIE model, the platform comprises five learning modules - Design Thinking, Digital Fabrication, Computational Thinking, 21st Century Learning, and FabLab Management - and features video content, gamified elements, and a self-assessment tool. Expert validation ensured content accuracy and pedagogical quality. Effectiveness was evaluated through pre- and post-tests within Thailand's FabLab network, demonstrating the platform's potential to deliver scalable, engaging, and skill-based learning experiences.
Bridging theory and practice: A systematic review of simulation-based education in nursing
(2026-05-01) Amin S.M.; Alasqah I.; Hamash K.I.; Almagharbeh W.T.; El-Sayed A.A.I.; Alqarawi N.; Ruksakulpiwat S.; Amin S.M.; Mahidol University
Aim: To examine the effectiveness of Simulation-based education (SBE) compared with traditional lecture-based instruction across knowledge, clinical skills, clinical reasoning, affective outcomes and retention. Background: SBE has been widely adopted in nursing curricula to facilitate the integration of theoretical knowledge with clinical practice. However, evidence regarding its effectiveness across different learning domains and simulation modalities remains variable and has not been comprehensively synthesized. Design: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus (2015–2025) were searched for interventional studies evaluating SBE as a primary teaching strategy. Twenty-six studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, ROBINS-I and the NIH Before–After tool. Results: Across studies, SBE was associated with improvements in multiple learning outcomes compared with lecture-based or standard instruction, although findings varied across simulation modalities and outcome domains. Some high-fidelity, virtual and structured-debriefing approaches showed favorable effects on clinical reasoning and skill performance. Affective responses were mixed, with confidence often improving while some virtual modalities were associated with higher anxiety. Limited follow-up data suggested partial retention of knowledge and clinical reasoning over time. Conclusion: SBE enhances multiple learning outcomes; however, heterogeneity in study designs and simulation approaches, together with methodological limitations and limited longitudinal evidence, indicate that findings should be interpreted cautiously and that further rigorous research is needed to clarify how simulation approaches support sustained competency development.
Forage Species and Nutrition Among Reintroduced Banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823) in Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary and Khao Kiew–Khao Chompoo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand
(2026-04-01) Thepapichaikul W.; Chaiyarat R.; Boonyarittichaikij R.; Tanhan P.; Nakbun S.; Thepapichaikul W.; Mahidol University
Dietary management is an important factor affecting the health and survival of critically endangered wildlife—such as banteng recently reintroduced into Salakphra Wildlife Sanctuary (SWS) and Khao Kiew–Khao Chompoo Wildlife Sanctuary (KKKC). This study investigates the diversity and nutritional composition of forage consumed by different reintroduced banteng practices in these two protected areas. The research was conducted between November 2023 and October 2024 using fecal analysis and mineral composition assessments. A total of 59 forage species (51 consumed in the wet season, 35 in the dry season) were identified in banteng feces in SWS. These 59 species consisted of 29 monocotyledons (49.15%) and 30 dicotyledons (50.85%). The most preferred species found in banteng diets in the dry and wet seasons were Cyrtococcum sp. and Dendrolobium triangulare (Retz.) Schindl., respectively. A total of 36 species (28 in the wet season, 22 in the dry season) were found in banteng feces in KKKC. These 36 forage species consisted of 27 monocotyledons (75%) and 9 dicotyledons (25%). The most preferred diets in the dry and wet season were Panicum maximum Jacq. and Imperata cylindrica (L.), respectively. The SWS showed a significant seasonal difference (p = 0.015) which was also higher than in KKKC in both seasons. The highest-preferred forages in each season were then collected to measure their mineral content. The food plants from both areas contained adequate N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn—all of which contributed to banteng nutritional requirements. The results also indicated that reintroduced banteng exhibit dietary flexibility and adaptability to different natural habitats.
Practical RNA-Seq with Spike-Ins: A Bench-to-Bioinformatics Guide
(2026-01-01) Horton T.B.; Laosuntisuk K.; Doherty C.J.; Horton T.B.; Mahidol University
RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a powerful, high-throughput technology for genome-wide transcriptional analysis, widely used to investigate gene expression changes in plants. A critical step in RNA-Seq data analysis is normalization, which enables accurate comparisons of gene expression between samples by reducing the effects of technical and biological factors that can confound expression measurements. Traditional normalization approaches, such as those implemented in DESeq2's median-of-ratios and edgeR's Trimmed Mean of M-values, operate under the assumption that the total transcript levels or the expression of most genes are stable across samples. However, this assumption is often violated, particularly in plant studies, where treatments, genotypes, or even time-of-sampling differences can affect overall transcription efficiency or RNA stability, producing unequal transcript abundance (Coate and Doyle, Genome Biol Evol 2:534-546, 2010; Laosuntisuk et al. Plant J 118:1241-1257, 2024; Forsythe et al. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 119:e2204187119, 2022; Wang et al. New Phytol 230:1985-2000, 2021). Such violations can result in inappropriate scaling of expression levels, leading to incorrect identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Exogenous RNA spike-ins offer a robust solution for controlling variations in total mRNA levels and technical biases. This chapter presents practical protocols for integrating exogenous RNA spike-ins at the bench and in downstream computational analysis. We show how to calculate spike-in amounts, implement spike-in-based normalization strategies, and contrast these with distribution-based methods. The goal of this chapter is to lower the barriers to adopting RNA spike-ins for plant transcriptional analysis, thereby improving the accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of DEG calling in RNA-Seq experiments to ensure more reliable and interpretable biological conclusions.