Mahidol University's Institutional Repository
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Semi-connected structure and asymmetric gene flow of Nypa fruticans Wurmb. across the Philippine archipelago
(2026-01-01) Suhardi R.M.; Mantiquilla J.A.; Palangasinghe P.C.; Shih H.C.; Muthusamy A.; Shiao M.S.; Chiang Y.C.; Suhardi R.M.; Mahidol University
The Philippine archipelago is one of the most geographically complex coastal systems in the Indo–West Pacific, comprising numerous islands and semi-enclosed seas linked by narrow straits that together create a highly diverse setting for nearshore exchange. This complex geography contributes to the Philippines’ status as one of the world’s major biodiversity hotspots. Nypa fruticans is an ecologically important estuarine mangrove palm in the Philippines that contributes to shoreline stability and supports coastal livelihoods. Its dispersal relies primarily on large, buoyant fruits released directly into coastal waters. Therefore, the genetic diversity and connectivity of populations across different islands of the archipelago remain important questions. We collected 118 individuals from seven coastal regions across Mindanao, Bohol, Luzon, and Palawan to investigate genetic diversity and connectivity across the Philippine archipelago. The populations showed moderate expected heterozygosity (He = 0.584–0.719) and consistently lower mean observed heterozygosity (Ho = 0.376) than mean expected heterozygosity (He = 0.666), resulting in a pervasive heterozygote deficit (F = 0.431) and deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. This pattern indicated less realised genetic mixing than expected under random mating. Most genetic variance was partitioned among individuals within populations (43%) and within individuals (48%). The results further supported two major genetic clusters (K = 2), indicating broad admixture among populations. Directional gene-flow analysis suggested that Palawan acted as a major recipient, whereas western Luzon occupied a key position in the inferred connectivity network. Overall, N. fruticans in the Philippines forms a semi-connected metapopulation with modest regional structure and uneven connectivity, suggesting that conserving dispersal pathways and key connectivity nodes, particularly Palawan-linked routes, should be a management priority.
Association between human genomes and mycobacterial genomes contributes to severity and transmissibility of pulmonary tuberculosis
(2026-10-16) Tantivitayakul P.; Kunhapan P.; Boonbangyang M.; Chaichoompu K.; Wilantho A.; Sawaengdee W.; Ruangchai W.; Thawornwattana Y.; Yanai H.; Wattanapokayakit S.; Disratthakit A.; Miyahara R.; Nedsuwan S.; Imasanguan W.; Kantipong P.; Chaiyasirinroje B.; Phelan J.; Clark T.G.; Hibberd M.L.; Tokunaga K.; Mahasirimongkol S.; Palittapongarnpim P.; Tantivitayakul P.; Mahidol University
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) remains a major infectious disease globally. This study aimed to identify determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission clustering, treatment outcome, and pulmonary cavitation by simultaneously analyzing host and pathogen genomic data. Whole-genome sequencing of 1,960 MTB isolates identified four major lineages (L1–L4). Host population stratification by principal component analysis of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) classified 899 patients (70%) into a genetically homogeneous main group for genome-wide association study (GWAS). Multivariate regression demonstrated that MTB lineage was the primary determinant of transmission clustering, rifampicin resistance was the dominant predictor of unfavorable treatment outcome, and host genetic group was independently associated with pulmonary cavitation. GWAS identified novel loci in collectin subfamily member 10 (COLEC10), CTNNA3, and long intergenic non-coding RNA 2775 (LINC02775) associated with clustering, treatment outcome, and cavitation, respectively, with the association of COLEC10 also found in the remaining group of patients. These findings highlight the importance of integrating bacterial and human genomic analyses to understand tuberculosis host-pathogen interaction.
Advanced extraction technologies for the recovery of bioactive compounds from plant-based food waste: Health benefits and functional applications
(2026-01-01) Kauser S.; Imtiaz S.; Murtaza M.A.; Kausar T.; -ul-Abideen Z.; Shahid E.; Umar M.; Kauser S.; Mahidol University
Plant-based food processing generates large amounts of waste and byproducts, such as seeds, pulp, and peels, which are rich sources of bioactive compounds with several health benefits. Extracting these bioactive compounds from plant-based food waste for use in functional foods has gained significant interest, and researchers have used several techniques. This review provides an overview of conventional extraction methods, including decoction, percolation, maceration, and Soxhlet extraction, highlighting their underlying principles and inherent limitations, such as extended processing times and high solvent consumption. The review mainly examines advanced extraction technologies, including supercritical fluid extraction, subcritical water extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and pulsed electric field extraction, for their ability to efficiently isolate bioactives from plant-based food waste, highlighting their principles and potential applications. This review further outlines the therapeutic applications of bioactive compounds in food products and pharmaceuticals. These extraction techniques have strong potential for industrial-scale valorization of food waste to recover bioactive compounds for functional foods and pharmaceutical applications.
Validation of the pediatric index of mortality 3 in a pediatric intensive care unit in Thailand: a prospective, single-center observational study
(2026-12-01) Tirawattanapichet L.; Limprayoon K.; Law S.; Intra T.; Phumeetham S.; Tirawattanapichet L.; Mahidol University
The Pediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) is a widely used severity-of-illness score. This study aimed to validate PIM3 performance in patients aged < 18 years admitted to a Thai pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). This prospective, single-center, observational study included patients aged < 18 years admitted to the PICU between April 1, 2024, and March 31, 2025. PIM3 performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for discrimination. Calibration was primarily evaluated utilizing the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, and the standardized mortality ratio (SMR). A total of 617 patients were enrolled, with an observed mortality of 2.43% (15 deaths), lower than the PIM3-predicted mortality of 3.63%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.917 (95% CI 0.842–0.993). The Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed no statistically significant difference between observed and predicted mortality (χ² = 7.561; P = 0.478). The standardized mortality ratio was 0.67 (95% CI 0.37–1.11). In this single-center cohort with a low mortality event count, PIM3 demonstrated good discrimination and acceptable calibration, although the SMR suggested a non-statistically significant trend toward overpredicting mortality.
Bulk hydrodynamic transport in Weyl semimetals
(2026-01-01) Bernabeu J.; Pongsangangan K.; Stoof H.T.C.; Fritz L.; Bernabeu J.; Mahidol University
The role of collective longitudinal modes, plasmons, in bulk hydrodynamic transport in Weyl semimetals is explored. In contrast to graphene, in which these modes are gapless, plasmons in Weyl semimetals are gapped. This gap, however, can be made arbitrarily small by decreasing the temperature or the chemical potential, making plasmon modes thermally accessible in both thermodynamics and transport. In very clean Weyl semimetals near charge neutrality, where the plasmon gap is minimal, we find that they leave an imprint in the thermal conductivity and the viscosity.