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Cytogenetic characterization of Guaiacum officinale, chromosome number and conservation management
(2025-11-01) Pikulthong V.; Javadi B.; Maneechai S.; Homthong M.; Sarakit P.; Thongprapha C.; Umpunjun P.; Sraphet S.; Tanomtong A.; Pikulthong V.; Mahidol University
Guaiacum officinale, commonly known as lignum vitae (Kaew Chao Chom), is a tree species in the Zygophyllaceae family valued for its ecological and economic importance but threatened by overexploitation. Cytological studies of this endangered species remain scarce. This study presents the first cytogenetic analysis of G. officinale, focusing on both mitotic and meiotic processes. Root tip samples were collected between 05:00 and 12:00 to examine mitosis, while young flower buds were collected between 06:00 and 13:00 to analyze meiosis. Peak mitotic activity occurred at 10:00, although the very small chromosome size and limited spreading during slide preparation posed challenges for accurate counting. In contrast, meiotic analysis at 08:00 provided clear evidence of 12 bivalents at metaphase I, establishing a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 2x = 24. Chromosome pairing was generally regular, with occasional anomalies observed, but overall meiotic stability indicated high fertility and strong reproductive potential. These findings clarify the chromosomal behavior of G. officinale and demonstrate its diploid, cytologically stable nature. The results provide a critical baseline for understanding taxonomy and evolutionary relationships within Zygophyllaceae and offer essential guidance for conservation and sustainable management of this endangered species. These findings represent the first cytogenetic report of G. officinale in Thailand and provide baseline data for future taxonomic, genetic, and conservation studies of this threatened species.
Exploring management strategies for open-country birds: A case study from a rice-dominated landscape
(2025-12-01) Angkaew R.; Tantipisanuh N.; Ngoprasert D.; Powell L.A.; Limparungpatthanakij W.; Round P.D.; Gale G.A.; Angkaew R.; Mahidol University
Effective conservation management relies on accessing and integrating various forms of evidence regarding the potential effects of management interventions. Here, we aim to identify key management options to enhance habitat suitability and mitigate threats for grassland and farmland birds in the Central Plains of Thailand, a key area for open-country birds in the region, using a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) approach. We selected eight at-risk passerine landbird species as focal taxa and developed up to nine scenarios to assess the potential impacts on the area of available suitable habitat for each species under different management options: a status quo scenario depicting the current situation, a future scenario if no action is taken, and up to seven scenarios each with management options. Three options focused on improving and/or maintaining habitat suitability, and the other four targeted threat mitigation. We then sought the best combination of management options, based on results from the above scenarios. The models predicted that each species would respond differently to each option depending on their ecological niches. If no action is taken in the near future, the highest quality habitats for all species were predicted to decrease from the current situation, with some species facing substantial habitat loss. For example, the globally Vulnerable Manchurian reed warbler Acrocephalus tangorum was predicted to lose nearly all of its highest suitability habitats (a 93% decline). The best conservation strategy involved implementing multiple management options, with tax incentives playing a particularly important role—and being the most effective measure for four species and the second most effective for the remaining four. Species-specific responses varied; two species required fewer interventions, while others needed multiple concurrent management strategies. For instance, the highest suitability areas for the Manchurian reed warbler and Oriental skylark Alauda gulgula reached an asymptote when two management options were applied together, whereas species like the long-tailed shrike Lanius schach required four interventions simultaneously. Our study underscores the advantages of this BBN approach for prioritizing optimal management strategies before implementation. It is adaptable for various decision-making processes and can be applied to other species and agricultural systems, particularly those lacking baseline data.
Deferiprone therapy improves the oxidative status of LDL in patients with β-thalassaemia/HbE
(2025-01-01) Tran N.T.; Lerksaipheng P.; Sutcharitchan P.; Rojnuckarin P.; Yamada K.I.; Morales N.P.; Luechapudiporn R.; Tran N.T.; Mahidol University
Background: Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) have been reported in patients with β-thalassaemia/haemoglobin E (HbE) and are related to cardiovascular complications. Deferiprone (L1) is an iron chelator that decreases iron overload and, consequently, reduces oxidative stress. This study assesses the protective effect of L1 on the oxidative status of LDL in patients with β-thalassaemia/HbE. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with β-thalassaemia/HbE treated with L1 were recruited. The study included a 4-week washout period followed by 4 and 12 weeks of L1 treatment. Non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) levels and oxidative stress markers, including thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and α-tocopherol, were monitored at each visit. The rate and content of lipid radical formation following Cu2+-induced LDL oxidation in vitro were detected by NBD-Pen, a specific fluorescence probe. Results: L1 was shown to prevent the depletion of α-tocopherol, decrease thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and preserve the levels of lipid components in LDL. A negative correlation between serum NTBI and LDL α-tocopherol indicated that the circulating non-redox-active NTBI can lead to the depletion of α-tocopherol. LDL from the washout period showed the highest oxidative susceptibility when evaluated by NBD-Pen. Conclusion: Iron chelation therapy with L1 improves the oxidative status of LDL in patients with β-thalassaemia/HbE.
Rethinking National Defence During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn
(2025-01-01) Boontanondha T.; Boontanondha T.; Mahidol University
The fundamental goal of Chulalongkorn’s modernization of the Siamese Military Forces, according to many experienced academics, was to gain more control over the country. According to Paul Chamber’s research Knights of the Realm: Thailand’s Military and Police, Then and Today, modern military forces were supposed to quell internal rivalries rather than fight external wars. The Military, Government, and Society in Siam, 1868–1910: Politics and Military Reform During the Reign of King Chulalongkorn by Noel A. Battye is considered to be the most influential study on the history of the Thai military. In his writings, he argued that centralizing power under Chulalongkorn included modernizing the armed forces. Despite this, Chulalongkorn was under pressure to modernize the military quickly. Nonetheless, he was highly concerned about the offspring of noble clans studying the military in Europe, particularly Chaophraya Surawongwatsak, who travelled to Britain to study artillery and was one of the most knowledgeable military figures at the time. Due to his lack of faith in their loyalty, the King chose not to nominate these aristocrats to major positions in the military services. Surawongwatsak had never been appointed to the position that commanded a regiment or division. His most important position in the army was the commander of the military academy. On the other hand, the King assigned numerous princes, including the younger brothers of Chulalongkorn-Prince Damrong, Prince Bhanurangsri, and Prince Narisara Nuvadtivongs-to important positions in the army. Additionally, according to Battye, Chulalongkorn restructured the military because he intended to eradicate the independent military groups that belonged to the princes and nobles since they posed a threat to his stability. Battye’s argument shows that the king’s internal security was the true motivation behind the modernization of the military forces.
Responsiveness of Heel Pain, Foot Function Index, Tissue Thickness, and Blood Flow in Individuals with Plantar Fasciitis
(2025-10-01) Sakulsriprasert P.; Thammajaree C.; Theapthong M.; Palee P.; Pakpakorn P.; Sitti T.; Bunprajun T.; Thong-On S.; Sakulsriprasert P.; Mahidol University
Background. The responsiveness is a psychometric property for determining the abil-ity of clinical outcomes to detect the change of condition over time. This study inves-tigated the responsiveness of heel pain, Foot Function Index (FFI), tissue thickness (plantar fascia and flexor digitorum brevis), blood flow, and temperature in individuals with plantar fasciitis. Methods. The data of 30 individuals with plantar fasciitis, aged 46.67 ± 10.46 years, were collected. Heel pain, FFI, tissue thickness, blood flow, and temperature were assessed at pre-test and after the 3-week interventions. The responsiveness of each variable was analyzed. Results. The large responsive variable in individuals with plantar fasciitis determined by the effect size (ES) was the FFI pain scale (ES, 1.53) and heel pain (ES, 1.36). Conclusions. Regarding responsiveness, heel pain, and FFI significantly changed following the 3-week intervention program rather than tissue thickness, blood flow, and temperature in individuals with plantar fasciitis.