Browsing by Author "Royal Museum for Central Africa"

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    Drivers and trajectories of land cover change in East Africa: Human and environmental interactions from 6000 years ago to present
    (2018-03-01) Rob Marchant; Suzi Richer; Oliver Boles; Claudia Capitani; Colin J. Courtney-Mustaphi; Paul Lane; Mary E. Prendergast; Daryl Stump; Gijs De Cort; Jed O. Kaplan; Leanne Phelps; Andrea Kay; Dan Olago; Nik Petek; Philip J. Platts; Paramita Punwong; Mats Widgren; Stephanie Wynne-Jones; Cruz Ferro-Vázquez; Jacquiline Benard; Nicole Boivin; Alison Crowther; Aida Cuní-Sanchez; Nicolas J. Deere; Anneli Ekblom; Jennifer Farmer; Jemma Finch; Dorian Fuller; Marie José Gaillard-Lemdahl; Lindsey Gillson; Esther Githumbi; Tabitha Kabora; Rebecca Kariuki; Rahab Kinyanjui; Elizabeth Kyazike; Carol Lang; Julius Lejju; Kathleen D. Morrison; Veronica Muiruri; Cassian Mumbi; Rebecca Muthoni; Alfred Muzuka; Emmanuel Ndiema; Chantal Kabonyi Nzabandora; Isaya Onjala; Annemiek Pas Schrijver; Stephen Rucina; Anna Shoemaker; Senna Thornton-Barnett; Geert van der Plas; Elizabeth E. Watson; David Williamson; David Wright; Kyambogo University; Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History; Linnaeus University, Växjö; Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University; Mbarara University of Science and Technology; Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Kenya Wildlife Service; University of Nairobi; National Museums of Kenya; Universiteit Gent; University of Cambridge; University of Queensland; St. Louis University; Stockholms universitet; UCL; University of York; University of Witwatersrand; University of Aberdeen; Seoul National University; University of Kent; University of KwaZulu-Natal; University of Pennsylvania; Uppsala Universitet; University of South Africa; University of Cape Town; Université de Lausanne (UNIL); L'Université Officielle de Bukavu; Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD); ARVE Research SARL; Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology; Carbon Foundation of East Africa
    © 2018 Elsevier B.V. East African landscapes today are the result of the cumulative effects of climate and land-use change over millennial timescales. In this review, we compile archaeological and palaeoenvironmental data from East Africa to document land-cover change, and environmental, subsistence and land-use transitions, over the past 6000 years. Throughout East Africa there have been a series of relatively rapid and high-magnitude environmental shifts characterised by changing hydrological budgets during the mid- to late Holocene. For example, pronounced environmental shifts that manifested as a marked change in the rainfall amount or seasonality and subsequent hydrological budget throughout East Africa occurred around 4000, 800 and 300 radiocarbon years before present (yr BP). The past 6000 years have also seen numerous shifts in human interactions with East African ecologies. From the mid-Holocene, land use has both diversified and increased exponentially, this has been associated with the arrival of new subsistence systems, crops, migrants and technologies, all giving rise to a sequence of significant phases of land-cover change. The first large-scale human influences began to occur around 4000 yr BP, associated with the introduction of domesticated livestock and the expansion of pastoral communities. The first widespread and intensive forest clearances were associated with the arrival of iron-using early farming communities around 2500 yr BP, particularly in productive and easily-cleared mid-altitudinal areas. Extensive and pervasive land-cover change has been associated with population growth, immigration and movement of people. The expansion of trading routes between the interior and the coast, starting around 1300 years ago and intensifying in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries CE, was one such process. These caravan routes possibly acted as conduits for spreading New World crops such as maize (Zea mays), tobacco (Nicotiana spp.) and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum), although the processes and timings of their introductions remains poorly documented. The introduction of southeast Asian domesticates, especially banana (Musa spp.), rice (Oryza spp.), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and chicken (Gallus gallus), via transoceanic biological transfers around and across the Indian Ocean, from at least around 1300 yr BP, and potentially significantly earlier, also had profound social and ecological consequences across parts of the region. Through an interdisciplinary synthesis of information and metadatasets, we explore the different drivers and directions of changes in land-cover, and the associated environmental histories and interactions with various cultures, technologies, and subsistence strategies through time and across space in East Africa. This review suggests topics for targeted future research that focus on areas and/or time periods where our understanding of the interactions between people, the environment and land-cover change are most contentious and/or poorly resolved. The review also offers a perspective on how knowledge of regional land-use change can be used to inform and provide perspectives on contemporary issues such as climate and ecosystem change models, conservation strategies, and the achievement of nature-based solutions for development purposes.
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    Synonymization of key pest species within the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex (Diptera: Tephritidae): Taxonomic changes based on a review of 20 years of integrative morphological, molecular, cytogenetic, behavioural and chemoecological data
    (2015-01-01) Mark K. Schutze; Nidchaya Aketarawong; Weerawan Amornsak; Karen F. Armstrong; Antonis A. Augustinos; Norman Barr; Wang Bo; Kostas Bourtzis; Laura M. Boykin; Carlos Cáceres; Stephen L. Cameron; Toni A. Chapman; Suksom Chinvinijkul; Anastasija Chomič; Marc De Meyer; Ellena Drosopoulou; Anna Englezou; Sunday Ekesi; Angeliki Gariou-Papalexiou; Scott M. Geib; Deborah Hailstones; Mohammed Hasanuzzaman; David Haymer; Alvin K.W. Hee; Jorge Hendrichs; Andrew Jessup; Qinge Ji; Fathiya M. Khamis; Matthew N. Krosch; Luc Leblanc; Khalid Mahmood; Anna R. Malacrida; Pinelopi Mavragani-Tsipidou; Maulid Mwatawala; Ritsuo Nishida; Hajime Ono; Jesus Reyes; Daniel Rubinoff; Michael San Jose; Todd E. Shelly; Sunyanee Srikachar; Keng H. Tan; Sujinda Thanaphum; Ihsan Haq; Shanmugam Vijaysegaran; Suk L. Wee; Farzana Yesmin; Antigone Zacharopoulou; Anthony R. Clarke; Queensland University of Technology QUT; Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre; Mahidol University; Kasetsart University; Lincoln University, New Zealand; International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna; Panepistimion Patron; USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS); Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University; University of Western Australia; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute; Thailand Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives; Royal Museum for Central Africa; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Nairobi; USDA Agricultural Research Service, Washington DC; Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Dhaka; University of Hawaii at Manoa; Universiti Putra Malaysia; NSW Department of Primary Industries; University of Queensland; Pakistan Museum of Natural History; Universita degli Studi di Pavia; Sokoine University of Agriculture; Kyoto University; Tan Hak Heng Co.; National Agricultural Research Center; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    © 2014 The Royal Entomological Society. Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock, Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock, and Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White are four horticultural pest tephritid fruit fly species that are highly similar, morphologically and genetically, to the destructive pest, the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae). This similarity has rendered the discovery of reliable diagnostic characters problematic, which, in view of the economic importance of these taxa and the international trade implications, has resulted in ongoing difficulties for many areas of plant protection and food security. Consequently, a major international collaborative and integrated multidisciplinary research effort was initiated in 2009 to build upon existing literature with the specific aim of resolving biological species limits among B. papayae, B. philippinensis, B. carambolae, B. invadens and B. dorsalis to overcome constraints to pest management and international trade. Bactrocera philippinensis has recently been synonymized with B. papayae as a result of this initiative and this review corroborates that finding; however, the other names remain in use. While consistent characters have been found to reliably distinguish B. carambolae from B. dorsalis, B. invadens and B. papayae, no such characters have been found to differentiate the latter three putative species. We conclude that B. carambolae is a valid species and that the remaining taxa, B. dorsalis, B. invadens and B. papayae, represent the same species. Thus, we consider B. dorsalis (Hendel) as the senior synonym of B. papayae Drew and Hancock syn.n. and B. invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White syn.n. A redescription of B. dorsalis is provided. Given the agricultural importance of B. dorsalis, this taxonomic decision will have significant global plant biosecurity implications, affecting pest management, quarantine, international trade, postharvest treatment and basic research. Throughout the paper, we emphasize the value of independent and multidisciplinary tools in delimiting species, particularly in complicated cases involving morphologically cryptic taxa.