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    A parallel corpus analysis of anaphora and co-reference in English-Thai literary translations of George Orwell's animal farm (1959-2017)
    (Mahidol University Library and Knowledge Center, 2021) Peemrapat Rongsawat; Isara Choosri; Pattama Patpong
    The objectives of this research were to describe characteristics of anaphora andco-reference in George Orwell's Animal Farm: A Fairy Story (1945), the English source text (ST), and to analyse characteristics of anaphora and co-reference features of English-Thai parallel texts, and statistically explain similarity and difference of its characteristics in ten target texts (TTs), published since 1959 to 2017 (1959: 1972: 1975a: 1975b: 1977: 2001: 2006: 2012: 2014 and 2017), which consisted of 27,420 parallel units of analysis from 16,240 English-to-Thai paired sentences in total. The study found that characteristics of anaphora and co-reference in the fable quantitatively supported a study The Language of George Orwell by Fowler (1995) regarding the most significant frequency of anaphoric pronouns (77.90%), which conveyed limited and collective third-person narrative point of view, and the minor frequency of co-reference (6.53%) due to a non-poetic style of the Orwellian language. Moreover, the association of anaphora and co-reference features and Thai version publication years had statistical significance at the level of P < 0.01. Other found patterns include (1) 20th-centuryeditions prefer null anaphora due to localisation, (2) 21st-century editions prefer anaphoric pronouns due to foreignisation, and (3) divergent editions of TT8 (2012) and TT5 (1977) are likely the result of the individual stylistic preference of null anaphora and co-references.