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Publication Open Access Moving upward from the bottom : headship, gender and household poverty in a western province of Thailand(2011) Malee Sunpuwan; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social Research, namely, age and education of head, access to credit from formal sources and geographical area of residence also help in explaining economic mobility. These findings suggest that programs aimed at reducing household poverty should target not only singlePublication Open Access Labor Migration in Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System: Characteristics and Determinants(2007-07) Tran Quang Lam; John R. Bryant; Aphichat Chamratrithirong; อภิชาติ จำรัสฤทธิรงค์; Yothin Sawangdee; โยธิน แสวงดี; Boonlert Leoprapai; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchThis study examines patterns, characteristics and determinants of short-term labor migration in Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS), Thailand.Data from the KDSS Round 2 (2001) and Round 3 (2002) were used. Only persons in the working ages (15-59) are included in the analysis. The probability of engaging in short-term labor migration is modeled using binary logistic regression. The determinants of migration are grouped into four main categories i.e. individual socio-demographic factors, individual economic factors, household factors and contextual factors. Study findings suggest that labor migrants in KDSS share many similar characteristics compared to other groups of migrants in previous migration literature i.e. sex, age, work status, marital status, household characteristics and village characteristics. However, differences were also found regarding timing of migration and educational level. Major forces of labor migration in KDSS are diverse and somewhat associated with economic factors (income differences, unemployment, number of labor in household, etc.) and migration experience. The determinants of labor migration differ by gender. Individual and household factors appear to have strong impact on male migration, while individual and contextual factors are strong predictors for female migration.Publication Open Access Cross-border migration and poverty: evidence from the Kanchanaburi demographic surveillance system (KDSS), Thailand(2013-07) Aree Jampaklay; อารี จำปากลาย; Entwisle, Barbara; Hagan, Jacqueline M.; Chai Podhisita; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchThis study examines immigration, ethnicity, and poverty status in Thailand, with particular reference to the situation in the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS). Kanchanaburi borders Myanmar, about 120 km weat of Bangkok. By comparing the economic prospects of households headed by the foreign-born, native-born minorities, and Thai nationals, we consider the relative effects of crossborder migration and ethnicity on household poverty. Of particular interest is the ways in which these effects are conditioned by residential context, specifically the ethnic makeup of the neighborhood or village. The results show significant adverse effects of immigrant status and non-Thai ethnicity on household poverty. Immigrant households (headed by the foreign-born) are particularly underprivileged, compared to the non-Thai/native-born and the Thais. Effects are heightened for households that arrived recently and for households located in minority villages.Publication Open Access Migration and gender-based occupational segregation in Bangkok(2006-07) Kanchana Tangchonlatip; กาญจนา ตั้งชลทิพย์; Sureeporn Punpuing; สุรีย์พร พันพึ่ง; Aphichat Chamratrithirong; อภิชาติ จำรัสฤทธิรงค์; Guest, Philip; Curran, Sara; Jawalaksana Rachapaetayakom; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchPublication Open Access Impact of microcredit program on rural out-migration for employment: evidence from village revolving fund program in Kanchanaburi province, Thailand(2011-07) Sithon Khun; Aphichat Chamratrithirong; อภิชาติ จำรัสฤทธิรงค์; Chai Podhisita; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchThe government of Thailand has introduced the innovative microcredit scheme, the Village Revolving Fund program (VRF) since 2001, aiming to uplift living conditions of the poor. Using data from the 2003 and 2004 rounds of Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS), this study aims to explore the impact of this microcredit scheme on rural out-migration for employment. A multilevel model is used to elicit this impact by controlling for characteristics of individual, household, and community. Important findings from multilevel models indicate that amount of money households borrowed from the Village Revolving Fund program is statistically significant in reducing the probability of rural out-migration for employment (-.00010, p<.001) when other relevant factors from individual and household levels as well as village related characteristics are controlled. For a given loan of 20,000 Baht from the Village Revolving Fund program (VRF), the probability of individual rural out-migration for employment is reduced by 2 percent higher than non-borrowing households. This suggests that increasing loan from the Village Revolving Fund program to households resulted in decreasing probability of rural out-migration for employment. Use of loan from this program for agricultural activities can significantly reduce rural out-migration for employment among the poor households.Publication Open Access Ecotopia 2121: Car-freeCities of the 22nd Century(2015) Marshall, Alan; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe long-term futures of five cities from around the planet are outlined with the use of one visual image for each city. These cities are : Abu Dhabi(UAE), Denver(USA), Sao Paulo(Brazil), San Diego(USA), and Perth(Australia). These city’s futures are presented in ‘eco-utopian’ terms in which each city studied is proffered to operate within some sort of planned (or naturally-achieved) peaceful, happy and communally-desirable setting that exists in socio-ecological harmony (that is, harmony between society, people, and the environment). The central common feature investigated for all these cities of the future are their ‘car-free’ or ‘car-less’ character. In the spirit of previous idealistic imaginings by writers and artists that have worked on formulating utopias in decades and centuries past, some explanation about how each city can get to this eco-utopian status(by the year 2121AD) is declared, along with an explanation about the social, technical, and economic background that may be present then and there.Publication Open Access Peer support for self-management of diabetes improved outcomes in international settings(2012-01) Edwin B. Fisher; Renée I. Boothroyd; Muchieh Maggy Coufal; Linda C. Baumann; Jean Claude Mbanya; Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus; Boosaba Sanguanprasit; Chanuantong Tanasugarn; ชะนวนทอง ธนสุกาญจน์; Mahidol university. Faculty of Public Health. Department of Health Education and Behavioral SciencesSelf-management of diabetes is essential to reducing the risks of associated disabilities. But effective self-management is often short-lived. Peers can provide the kind of ongoing support that is needed for sustained self-management of diabetes. In this context, peers are nonprofessionals who have diabetes or close familiarity with its management. Key functions of effective peer support include assistance in daily management, social and emotional support, linkage to clinical care, and ongoing availability of support. Using these four functions as a template of peer support, project teams in Cameroon, South Africa, Thailand, and Uganda developed and then evaluated peer support interventions for adults with diabetes. Our initial assessment found improvements in symptom management, diet, blood pressure, body mass index, and blood sugar levels for many of those taking part in the programs. For policy makers, the broader message is that by emphasizing the four key peer support functions, diabetes management programs can be successfully introduced across varied cultural settings and within diverse health systems.Publication Open Access Artemisinin resistance – modelling the potential human and economic costs(2014) Yoel Lubell; Arjen Dondorp; Guérin, Philippe J; Tom Drake; Sylvia Meek; Elizabeth Ashley; Day, Nicholas PJ; White, Nicholas J; White, Lisa J; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitBackground: Artemisinin combination therapy is recommended as first-line treatment for falciparum malaria across the endemic world and is increasingly relied upon for treating vivax malaria where chloroquine is failing. Artemisinin resistance was first detected in western Cambodia in 2007, and is now confirmed in the Greater Mekong region, raising the spectre of a malaria resurgence that could undo a decade of progress in control, and threaten the feasibility of elimination. The magnitude of this threat has not been quantified. Methods: This analysis compares the health and economic consequences of two future scenarios occurring once artemisinin-based treatments are available with high coverage. In the first scenario, artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) is largely effective in the management of uncomplicated malaria and severe malaria is treated with artesunate, while in the second scenario ACT are failing at a rate of 30%, and treatment of severe malaria reverts to quinine. The model is applied to all malaria-endemic countries using their specific estimates for malaria incidence, transmission intensity and GDP. The model describes the direct medical costs for repeated diagnosis and retreatment of clinical failures as well as admission costs for severe malaria. For productivity losses, the conservative friction costing method is used, which assumes a limited economic impact for individuals that are no longer economically active until they are replaced from the unemployment pool. Results: Using conservative assumptions and parameter estimates, the model projects an excess of 116,000 deaths annually in the scenario of widespread artemisinin resistance. The predicted medical costs for retreatment of clinical failures and for management of severe malaria exceed US$32 million per year. Productivity losses resulting from excess morbidity and mortality were estimated at US$385 million for each year during which failing ACT remained in use as first-line treatment. Conclusions: These ‘ballpark’ figures for the magnitude of the health and economic threat posed by artemisinin resistance add weight to the call for urgent action to detect the emergence of resistance as early as possible and contain its spread from known locations in the Mekong region to elsewhere in the endemic world.Publication Open Access Mass primaquine treatment to eliminate vivax malaria: lessons from the past(2014) Anatoly Kondrashin; Baranova, Alla M; Ashley, Elizabeth A; Judith Recht; White, Nicholas J; Sergiev, Vladimir P; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research UnitRecent successes in malaria control have put malaria eradication back on the public health agenda. A significant obstacle to malaria elimination in Asia is the large burden of Plasmodium vivax, which is more difficult to eliminate than Plasmodium falciparum. Persistent P. vivax liver stages can be eliminated only by radical treatment with a ≥ seven-day course of an 8-aminoquinoline, with the attendant risk of acute haemolytic anaemia in individuals with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Primaquine is the only generally available 8-aminoquinoline. Testing for G6PD deficiency is not widely available, and so whilst it is widely recommended, primaquine is often not prescribed. In the past, some countries aiming for vivax malaria eradication deployed mass treatments with primaquine on a massive scale, without G6PD testing. In Azerbaijan, Tajikistan (formerly USSR), North Afghanistan and DPR Korea 8,270,185 people received either a 14-day “standard” or a 17-day “interrupted” primaquine treatment to control posteradication malaria epidemics. These mass primaquine preventive treatment campaigns were conducted by dedicated teams who administered the drugs under supervision and then monitored the population for adverse events. Despite estimated G6PD prevalences up to 38.7%, the reported frequency of severe adverse events related to primaquine was very low. This experience shows that with careful planning and implementation of mass treatment strategies using primaquine and adequate medical support to manage haemolytic toxicity, it is possible to achieve high population coverage, substantially reduce malaria transmission, and manage the risk of severe acute haemolytic anaemia in communities with a relatively high prevalence of G6PD deficiency safely.Publication Open Access ประสบการณ์จาก 2nd Western Balkans Regional HIV/AIDS Conference.Theme: Multisectoral Partnership for Building Resilience. 5–6 October, 2006, Przno Montenegro(2549) บังอร เทพเทียน; มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. สถาบันพัฒนาการสาธารณสุขอาเซียน