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Publication Open Access Classification of P-glycoprotein-interacting compounds using machine-learning methods(2015-07) Watshara Shoombuatong; Apilak Worachartcheewan; Veda Prachayasittikul; Chanin Nantasenamat; Virapong Prachayasittikul; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medical Technology. Center of Data Mining and Biomedical InformaticsP-glycoprotein (Pgp) is a drug transporter that plays important roles in multidrug resistance and drug pharmacokinetics. The inhibition of Pgp has become a notable strategy for combating multidrug-resistant cancers and improving therapeutic outcomesPublication Open Access Ecotopia 2121: Car-freeCities of the 22nd Century(2015) Marshall, Alan; Mahidol University. Faculty of Social Sciences and HumanitiesThe long-term futures of five cities from around the planet are outlined with the use of one visual image for each city. These cities are : Abu Dhabi(UAE), Denver(USA), Sao Paulo(Brazil), San Diego(USA), and Perth(Australia). These city’s futures are presented in ‘eco-utopian’ terms in which each city studied is proffered to operate within some sort of planned (or naturally-achieved) peaceful, happy and communally-desirable setting that exists in socio-ecological harmony (that is, harmony between society, people, and the environment). The central common feature investigated for all these cities of the future are their ‘car-free’ or ‘car-less’ character. In the spirit of previous idealistic imaginings by writers and artists that have worked on formulating utopias in decades and centuries past, some explanation about how each city can get to this eco-utopian status(by the year 2121AD) is declared, along with an explanation about the social, technical, and economic background that may be present then and there.Publication Open Access Risk prediction score for death of traumatised and injured children(2014) Sakda Arj-ong Vallipakorn; Adisak Plitapolkarnpim; Paibul Suriyawongpaisal; Pimpa Techakamolsuk; Smith, Gary A.; Ammarin Thakkinstian; Mahidol University. Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital. Section for Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsBackground: Injury prediction scores facilitate the development of clinical management protocols to decrease mortality. However, most of the previously developed scores are limited in scope and are non-specific for use in children. We aimed to develop and validate a risk prediction model of death for injured and Traumatised Thai children. Methods: Our cross-sectional study included 43,516 injured children from 34 emergency services. A risk prediction model was derived using a logistic regression analysis that included 15 predictors. Model performance was assessed using the concordance statistic (C-statistic) and the observed per expected (O/E) ratio. Internal validation of the model was performed using a 200-repetition bootstrap analysis. Results: Death occurred in 1.7% of the injured children (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.57–1.82). Ten predictors (i.e., age, airway intervention, physical injury mechanism, three injured body regions, the Glasgow Coma Scale, and three vital signs) were significantly associated with death. The C-statistic and the O/E ratio were 0.938 (95% CI: 0.929–0.947) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.70–1.02), respectively. The scoring scheme classified three risk stratifications with respective likelihood ratios of 1.26 (95% CI: 1.25–1.27), 2.45 (95% CI: 2.42–2.52), and 4.72 (95% CI: 4.57–4.88) for low, intermediate, and high risks of death. Internal validation showed good model performance (C-statistic = 0.938, 95% CI: 0.926–0.952) and a small calibration bias of 0.002 (95% CI: 0.0005–0.003). Conclusions: We developed a simplified Thai pediatric injury death prediction score with satisfactory calibrated and discriminative performance in emergency room settings.Publication Open Access CD2068 potentially mediates multidrug efflux in Clostridium difficile(2017) Chawalit Ngernsombat; Suthasinee Sreesai; Phurt Harnvoravongchai; Surang Chankhamhaengdecha; Tavan Janvilisri; Mahidol University. Faculty of Science. Department of Biochemistry; Mahidol University. Faculty of Science. Department of BiologyClostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and the treatment thereof becomes more difficult owing to a rise of multidrug resistant strains. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are known to play a crucial role... in the resistance to multiple antibiotics. In this study, the potential contribution of an ABC transporter in C. difficile multidrug resistance was investigated. The expression level of the cd2068 gene in C. difficile encoding an ABC transporter was up-regulatedPublication Open Access Obstetric morbidity care in Thailand: do communities matter?(2008-01) Sharad Kumar Sharma; Panee Vong-Ek; ภาณี วงษ์เอก; Boonlert Leoprapai; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social Researchto the district center and availability of transportation facilities in the village were positive predictors and average household income in the village was a negative predictor of care-seeking behavior of morbidity during delivery or after delivery. Careseeking..., percentage of people with health insurance, percentage of people with education less than grade ten, and availability of school in the village were positive predictors of care-seeking behavior for morbidity during pregnancy, distance of villagePublication Open Access Effect of population dynamics and mechanization on agricultural land use: evidence from Nang Rong, Thailand(2013-01) Piyawat Katewongsa; ปิยวัฒน์ เกตุวงศา; Yothin Sawangdee; โยธิน แสวงดี; Stephen J. Walsh; Aphichat Chamratrithirong; อภิชาติ จำรัสฤทธิรงค์; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social Research,255 households. The results show that population dynamics continuously influenced agricultural land use. Migration was the most influencing factor among population dynamic indicators; it had negative effects on land use for rice and field crops, but positive... effects on multiple and rotation crops. Death events had some negative effects on land use for field crops, while in-migration had positive effects on rice growing. Agricultural machinery factors produced a great influence on land use changes both in termsPublication Open Access Factors associated with post-natal care utilization among mothers in Maldives(2015) Sheeza Ibrahim; Sariyamon Tiraphat; Seo ah Hong; Mahidol University. ASEAN Institute for Health Developmentthat the prevalence of PNC utilization was 34%. The results of multiple logistic regression indicated that cost of transportation, health insurance scheme, and mental health problem were the significant predictors for PNC utilization. Mothers who perceived that cost... of transportation is expensive had more chance of getting PNC utilization 1.98 times (95% C.I:1.05 – 3.76) compared to those perceived that the cost is low. Mother who thought that the national health insurance scheme is very good had more chance of PNCPublication Open Access A potential role for interleukin‑33 and γ‑epithelium sodium channel in the pathogenesis of human malaria associated lung injury(2015) Sumate Ampawong; Urai Chaisri; Parnpen Viriyavejakul; Panote Prapansilp; Grau, Georges E; Turner, Gareth D. H.; Emsri Pongponratn; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Department of Tropical Pathology. Bronchial IL-33 expression was significantly increased in severe malaria patients with PE. Malaria patients with shock showed significantly increased bronchial IL-33 compare to other clinical manifestations. Bronchial IL-33 levels were positivelyPublication Open Access Protein-based signatures of functional evolution in Plasmodium falciparum(2011-09-14) Gardner, Kate B.; Sinha, Ipsita; Bustamante, Leyla Y.; Day, Nicholas P.J.; White, Nicholas J.; Woodrow, Charles J.; Woodrow, Charles J.; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Wellcome Trust Mahidol University-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU).BACKGROUND: It has been known for over a decade that Plasmodium falciparum proteins are enriched in non-globular domains of unknown function. The potential for these regions of protein sequence to undergo high levels of genetic drift provides a fundamental challenge to attempts to identify the molecular basis of adaptive change in malaria parasites. RESULTS: Evolutionary comparisons were undertaken using a set of forty P. falciparum metabolic enzyme genes, both within the hominid malaria clade (P. reichenowi) and across the genus (P. chabaudi). All genes contained coding elements highly conserved across the genus, but there were also a large number of regions of weakly or non-aligning coding sequence. These displayed remarkable levels of non-synonymous fixed differences within the hominid malaria clade indicating near complete release from purifying selection (dN/dS ratio at residues non-aligning across genus: 0.64, dN/dS ratio at residues identical across genus: 0.03). Regions of low conservation also possessed high levels of hydrophilicity, a marker of non-globularity. The propensity for such regions to act as potent sources of non-synonymous genetic drift within extant P. falciparum isolates was confirmed at chromosomal regions containing genes known to mediate drug resistance in field isolates, where 150 of 153 amino acid variants were located in poorly conserved regions. In contrast, all 22 amino acid variants associated with drug resistance were restricted to highly conserved regions. Additional mutations associated with laboratory-selected drug resistance, such as those in PfATPase4 selected by spiroindolone, were similarly restricted while mutations in another calcium ATPase (PfSERCA, a gene proposed to mediate artemisinin resistance) that reach significant frequencies in field isolates were located exclusively in poorly conserved regions consistent with genetic drift. CONCLUSION: Coding sequences of malaria parasites contain prospectively definable domains subject to neutral or nearly neutral evolution on a scale that appears unrivalled in biology. This distinct evolutionary landscape has potential to confound analytical methods developed for other genera. Against this tide of genetic drift, polymorphisms mediating functional change stand out to such an extent that evolutionary context provides a useful signal for identifying the molecular basis of drug resistance in malaria parasites, a finding that is of relevance to both genome-wide and candidate gene studies in this genus.Publication Open Access Multiplex PCR point of care testing versus routine, laboratory-based testing in the treatment of adults with respiratory tract infections: a quasi-randomised study assessing impact on length of stay and antimicrobial use(2017) Andrews, Denise; Chetty, Yumela; Cooper, Ben S.; Virk, Manjinder; Glass, Stephen K; Letters, Andrew; Kelly, Philip A.; Sudhanva, Malur; Jeyaratnam, Dakshika; Mahidol University. Faculty of Public HealthBackground: Laboratory-based respiratory pathogen (RP) results are often available too late to influence clinical decisions such as hospitalisation or antibiotic treatment due to time delay in transport of specimens and testing schedules. Ward