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Publication Open Access Success counteracting tobacco company interference in Thailand: an example of FCTC implementation for low- and middle-income countries(2012) Naowarut Charoenca; Jeremiah Mock; Nipapun Kungskulniti; Sunida Preechawong; Nicholas Kojetin; Stephen L. Hamann; เนาวรัตน์ เจริญค้า; นิภาพรรณ กังสกุลนิติ; Nipapun Kungskulniti; Mahidol university. Faculty of Public Health. Department of Sanitary EngineeringTransnational tobacco companies (TTCs) interfere regularly in policymaking in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control provides mechanisms and guidance for dealing with TTC interference, but many countries still face 'how to' challenges of implementation. For more than two decades, Thailand's public health community has been developing a system for identifying and counteracting strategies TTCs use to derail, delay and undermine tobacco control policymaking. Consequently, Thailand has already implemented most of the FCTC guidelines for counteracting TTC interference. In this study, our aims are to describe strategies TTCs have used in Thailand to interfere in policymaking, and to examine how the public health community in Thailand has counteracted TTC interference. We analyzed information reported by three groups with a stake in tobacco control policies: Thai tobacco control advocates, TTCs, and international tobacco control experts. To identify TTC viewpoints and strategies, we also extracted information from internal tobacco industry documents. We synthesized these data and identified six core strategies TTCs use to interfere in tobacco control policymaking: (1) doing business with 'two faces', (2) seeking to influence people in high places, (3) 'buying' advocates in grassroots organizations, (4) putting up a deceptive front, (5) intimidation, and (6) undermining controls on tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. We present three case examples showing where TTCs have employed multiple interference strategies simultaneously, and showing how Thai tobacco control advocates have successfully counteracted those strategies by: (1) conducting vigilant surveillance, (2) excluding tobacco companies from policymaking, (3) restricting tobacco company sales, (4) sustaining pressure, and (5) dedicating resources to the effective enforcement of regulations. Policy implications from this study are that tobacco control advocates in LMICs may be able to develop countermeasures similar to those we identified in Thailand based on FCTC guidelines to limit TTC interference.Publication Open Access International health research monitoring: exploring a scientific and a cooperative approach using participatory action research.(2014-02-17) Chantler, Tracey; Cheah, Phaik Yeong; Miiro, George; Viriya Hantrakum; Nanvubya, Annet; Ayuo, Elizabeth; Kivaya, Esther; Kidola, Jeremiah; Kaleebu, Pontiano; Parker, Michael; Njuguna, Patricia; Ashley, Elizabeth; Guerin, Philippe J.; Lang, Trudie; Lang, Trudie; Mahidol University. Faculty of Tropical Medicine. Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit.OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and determine the value of monitoring models developed by the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Research Unit and the East African Consortium for Clinical Research, consider how this can be measured and explore monitors' and investigators' experiences of and views about the nature, purpose and practice of monitoring. RESEARCH DESIGN: A case study approach was used within the context of participatory action research because one of the aims was to guide and improve practice. 34 interviews, five focus groups and observations of monitoring practice were conducted. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Fieldwork occurred in the places where the monitoring models are coordinated and applied in Thailand, Cambodia, Uganda and Kenya. Participants included those coordinating the monitoring schemes, monitors, senior investigators and research staff. ANALYSIS: Transcribed textual data from field notes, interviews and focus groups was imported into a qualitative data software program (NVIVO V. 10) and analysed inductively and thematically by a qualitative researcher. The initial coding framework was reviewed internally and two main categories emerged from the subsequent interrogation of the data. RESULTS: The categories that were identified related to the conceptual framing and nature of monitoring, and the practice of monitoring, including relational factors. Particular emphasis was given to the value of a scientific and cooperative style of monitoring as a means of enhancing data quality, trust and transparency. In terms of practice the primary purpose of monitoring was defined as improving the conduct of health research and increasing the capacity of researchers and trial sites. CONCLUSIONS: The models studied utilise internal and network wide expertise to improve the ethics and quality of clinical research. They demonstrate how monitoring can be a scientific and constructive exercise rather than a threatening process. The value of cooperative relations needs to be given more emphasis in monitoring activities, which seek to ensure that research protects human rights and produces reliable data.Publication Open Access Building tobacco control research in Thailand : meeting the need for innovative change in Asia(2012-01-28) Hamann, Stephen L; Mock, Jeremiah; Hense, Sibasis; Naowarut Charoenca; Nipapun Kungskulniti; เนาวรัตน์ เจริญค้า; นิภาพรรณ กังสกุลนิติ; Naowarut Charoenca; เนาวรัตน์ เจริญค้า; Mahidol university. Faculty of Public Health. Department of Sanitary Engineering.pack warnings; social marketing campaigns; cessation counseling; and an established tobacco control research program. The purpose of this study was to document and analyze the development of tobacco control research capacity in Thailand and the impactPublication Open Access Two-year caries clinical study of the efficacy of novel dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm fluoride.(2013-11) Petcharat Kraivaphan; เพชรรัตน์ ไกรวพันธุ์; Cholticha Amornchat; ชลธิชา อมรฉัตร; Terdphong Triratana; เทอดพงษ์ ตรีรัตน์; Mateo, LR; Ellwood, R; Cummins, D; DeVizio, W; Zhang, Yun-Po; Zhang, Yun-Po; Mahidol University. Faculty of Dentistry. Department of Pharmacology; Mahidol University. Faculty of Dentistry. Department of Oral MicrobiologyA 2-year double-blind randomized three-treatment controlled parallel-group clinical study compared the anti-caries efficacy of two dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound (di-calcium phosphate or calcium carbonate) and 1,450 ppm fluoride (F), as sodium monofluorophosphate, to a control dentifrice containing 1,450 ppm F, as sodium fluoride, in a silica base. The 6,000 participants were from Bangkok, Thailand and aged 6-12 years initially. They were instructed to brush twice daily, in the morning and evening, with their randomly assigned dentifrice. Three trained and calibrated dentists examined the children at baseline and after 1 and 2 years using the National Institute of Dental Research Diagnostic Procedures and Criteria. The number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) and surfaces (DMFS) for the three study groups were very similar at baseline, with no statistically significant differences among groups. After 1 year, there were no statistically significant differences in caries increments among the three groups. After 2 years, the two groups using the dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F had statistically significantly (p < 0.02) lower DMFT increments (21.0 and 17.7% reductions, respectively) and DMFS increments (16.5 and 16.5%) compared to the control dentifrice. The differences between the two groups using the new dentifrices were not statistically significant. The results of this pivotal clinical study support the conclusion that dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm F provide significantly greater protection against caries lesion cavitation, in a low to moderate caries risk population, than dentifrices containing 1,450 ppm F alone.Publication Open Access Tobacco smoke pollution from designated smoking rooms in Bangkok’s Major International Airport(2015) Jintana Peesing; Naowarut Charoenca; Aungsiri Tipayarom; Nipapun Kungskulniti; Hamann, Stephen L.; Siriwan Pitayarangsarit; Mahidol University. Faculty of Public HealthLevels of fine particulate matter with diameters of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), an indicator of secondhand smoke, were measured at Bangkok‟s International Airport in: 1) Designated smoking room(s) (DSR) (2) just outside these smoking rooms ,and (3) in other areas where smoking is prohibited in the main airport building. TSI SidePak AM 510 monitoring equipment was employed to monitor PM2.5 for 30 minutes/sample. PM2.5 samples were taken inside six selected DSR, just outside the same DSR and at other smoke–free areas inside the building, which included airline lounges, in the walkway to boarding gates, at arrival waiting areas, and at check–in service areas. The level of PM2.5 averaged 151.9 μg/m3 in smoking rooms, 12.0 μg/m3 just outside DSR, and 9.0 μg/m3 in areas where smoking is not allowed. PM2.5 values inside smoking rooms were fifteen times the WHO annual air quality standard of 10 μg/m3, whereas the levels outside the DSR were also elevated above the WHO standard. These findings indicate health risks in smoking rooms for travelers visiting the airport with leakage to areas just outside the DSR. Results suggest that smoking rooms at the international airport should be removed.Publication Open Access The effect of denture cleansing solutions on the retention of Pink Locator® attachment: 1 year simulation.(2014-09) Pijitra Watcharapichat; พิจิตรา วัชราภิชาต; Chatchai Kunavisarut; ชัชชัย คุณาวิศรุต; Piyapanna Pittayachawan; ปิยพรรณา พิทยชวาล; Tassanee Tengrangsan; ทัศนีย์ เต็งรังสรรค์; Chatchai Kunavisarut; ชัชชัย คุณาวิศรุต; Mahidol University. Faculty of Dentistry. Implant Center; Mahidol University. Faculty of Dentistry. Advanced General Dentistry DepartmentObjective: To evaluate the effect of various denture cleansing solutions on retention of pink Locator® attachments after 1 year Materials and methods: Thirty-five pink Locator® attachments (3.0 lbs. Light Retention) were divided into five groups (seven specimens in each group) and soaked in different denture cleansers for 1 year. They were Polident® 5 minutes, Fittydent® , 0.12% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 1% sodium hypochlorite and tap water as control. The pink Locator® attachment was tested for load-to-dislodgement (retentive force; Newton) on a Universal Testing Machine (Model 5566, Instron Corp, Norwood, MA) in separate soaking time (before soaking, after simulated soaking for 1 month, 6 months and 1 year). The percentage of retention loss after soaking in the denture cleansers for 1 month, 6 months and 1 year were compared by groups using the Kruskal-Wallis Test and then followed by the Mann-Whitney U Test to indicate which pairs of denture cleansers were different. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: After 1 month soaking time, there was no significant difference among the cleansers (p-value > 0.05). After 6-month soaking time, the retention for attachments soaked in Fittydent® (median of % retention loss: -33.49%) and Chlorhexidine gluconate (-27.05%) were significantly higher than that soaked in tap water (3.81%). There was no significant difference among tap water, Polident® 5 minutes (-8%) and Sodium hypochlorite (-9.57%). After 1-year soaking time, the retention for attachments soaked in Sodium hypochlorite (42.58%) was significantly lower than that soaked in other solutions. The retention for attachments soaked in Fittydent® (-36.04% ) and Chlorhexidine gluconate (-29.03%) were significantly higher than that soaked in tap water (-10.15%). There was no significant difference between tap water and Polident® 5 minutes (-12.41%). Conclusion: Polident® 5 minutes had no significant effect on the retention of pink Locator® . Fittydent® and Chlorhexidine gluconate significantly increased the retention of the attachments. Sodium hypochlorite significantly decreased the retention, thus it should not be recommended as a routine denture cleanser.Publication Open Access Factors determining having secondary health insurance among Thai population: evidence from KDSS(2010-07) Teera Sindecharak; Pramote Prasarkul; ปราโมทย์ ประสาทกุล; Boonlert Leoprapai; Mahidol University. Institute for Population and Social ResearchThis study examines the effects of demographic factors on having secondary health insurance, i.e. savings, cooperative shares, life insurance and private health insurance. The data are obtained from the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS) conducted by the Institute for Population and Social Research, Mahidol University, Round 3 (2002) and Round 4 (2003). The binary and ordered logistic regression techniques are employed to analyze the data. It is found that age, ethnicity, marital status, education, occupation, wealth, living place, health status, health behavior, risk behavior and having primary health insurance are statistically significantly associated with having secondary health insurance. While controlling the socio-economic actors and health factors, the chance of having secondary health insurance in each category increases with age. Moreover, males are more likely to have only private health insurance than females. It can be suggested that having secondary health insurance for the present and the future, beginning from an early working age, and particularly for females, should be promoted. The government should encourage people to have secondary health insurance instead of depending upon only the primary health insurance provided by the government. This is a way to reduce burden on the government budget to manage health security of the people.