Browsing by Author "Ueda K."
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Item Metadata only Association between Greenness and Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index: A Longitudinal Cohort Study(2024-01-01) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Vathesatogkit P.; Phosri A.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Saranburut K.; Thongmung N.; Yingchoncharoen T.; Sritara P.; Paoin K.; Mahidol UniversityEpidemiological studies suggest that exposure to more greenery may improve cardiovascular health [1]. The cardioankle vascular index (CAVI), a novel non-invasive measure of arterial stiffness, may be beneficial as a long-term predictor of cardiovascular risk [2]. High CAVI was associated with coronary artery disease and cerebral artery disease [3]. However, no study has investigated the association between greenness and the progression of CAVI. We examined the association between long-term exposure to greenness and CAVI in employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand [4]. In this longitudinal cohort study of 1,215 employees (aged 57-76 years at the baseline), the subjects were followed for 10 years from 2007 to 2017. CAVI was measured in 2007, 2012, and 2017. Each individual received two sets of CAVI measurements, which were taken on the right and left ankles. The left- and right-side measures' averages were utilized for CAVI [2,5]. Greenness was assessed using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), with a spatial resolution of 250 m. The NDVI and EVI have no unit with the values ranging from −1.0 to 1.0. Lower values represent areas with a low concentration of vegetation, whereas higher numbers represent areas with a high concentration of greenery. The NDVI and EVI of the BMR and areas of Thailand have been documented elsewhere [6,7]. Long-term exposure to greenness of each subject's sub-district was defined as 1-year average concentrations prior to the subject’s follow-up date in 2007, 2012, and 2017 [7]. Linear mixed models were used to examine the association between greenness and CAVI. Each subject was assigned as a random intercept in our models to control the autocorrelation of repeated measurements for the same subject. The results of CAVI were presented as a percentage change for each interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI (IQR = 0.07) and EVI (IQR = 0.05). R statistics project (version 4.1.3) was used to conduct all statistical analyses. Statistics were deemed significant at P < 0.05. During the follow-up period, subjects’average exposure to NDVI and EVI at the sub-district level was 0.4 (Range = 0.16–0.7) and 0.26 (Range = 0.1–0.45), respectively. After full adjustments (i.e., age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education level, income, and prevalence and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia), we found that decreases in CAVI were associated with NDVI [-4.7% (95% confidence interval (CI): -10.3, 0.9)] and EVI [-4.8% (95% CI: -10.9, 1.3)], but the results were not statistically significant. The associations between NDVI and EVI with right- or left-side CAVI were essentially unchanged. Although not statistically significant, long-term exposure to greenness was associated with lower CAVI in the subjects of the EGAT cohort study. Our findings need to be confirmed by further studies in other settings and populations. Exposure to greenness may promote cardiovascular health. We advocate for the importance of supporting the development of green spaces.Item Metadata only Association between greenness and cardiovascular risk factors: Results from a large cohort study in Thailand(2023-03-01) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Phosri A.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Kelly M.; Seubsman S.a.; Sleigh A.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: The risk of cardiovascular diseases may be reduced by residing in green environments. However, there are relatively few longitudinal cohort studies, especially in Southeast Asia, that focused on the health benefits of long-term greenness exposure in young adults. The present study examined the association between long-term exposure to residential greenness and self-reported morbidities in participants of the Thai Cohort Study (TCS) in Thailand from 2005 to 2013. Methods: The self-reported outcomes, including high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes, were reported in 2005, 2009, and 2013, where the study participants provided the exact year of disease occurrence. Greenness was assessed by the satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), with a spatial resolution of 250 m. Long-term exposure to NDVI and EVI of each participant's sub-district was averaged over the period of person-time. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association between greenness and health outcomes. Associations with self-reported morbidity were measured using hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in NDVI and EVI. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, we observed that an IQR increase in NDVI was associated with lower incidence of high blood pressure (HR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.97) and high blood cholesterol (HR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87, 0.92), but not significantly associated with diabetes (HR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.85, 1.01). EVI was also inversely associated with self-reported high blood pressure (HR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.88, 0.96), high blood cholesterol (HR = 0.89, 95%CI: 0.87, 0.91), and diabetes (HR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.85, 0.99). Conclusions: Long-term exposure to residential greenness was inversely associated with self-reported high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, and diabetes in participants of TCS. Our study provides evidence that greenness exposure may reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors in adult population.Item Metadata only Associations between residential greenness and air pollution and the incident metabolic syndrome in a Thai worker cohort(2023-01-01) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Vathesatogkit P.; Phosri A.; Buya S.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Ingviya T.; Saranburut K.; Thongmung N.; Yingchoncharoen T.; Sritara P.; Mahidol UniversityIncreasing air pollution and decreasing exposure to greenness may contribute to the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined associations between long-term exposure to residential greenness and air pollution and MetS incidence in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Data from 1369 employees (aged 52–71 years) from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand cohort from 2002 to 2017 were analyzed. The greenness level within 500 m of each participant’s residence was measured using the satellite-derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). The kriging approach was used to generate the average concentration of each air pollutant (PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, and O3) at the sub-district level. The average long-term exposure to air pollution and greenness for each participant was calculated over the same period of person-time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to analyze the greenness-air pollution-MetS associations. The adjusted hazard ratio of MetS was 1.42 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.32, 1.53), 1.22 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.30), and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.82, 2.20), per interquartile range increase in PM10 (9.5 μg/m3), SO2 (0.9 ppb), and CO (0.3 ppm), respectively. We found no clear association between NDVI or EVI and the incidence of MetS. On the contrary, the incident MetS was positively associated with NDVI and EVI for participants exposed to PM10 at concentrations more than 50 μg/m3. In summary, the incidence of MetS was positively associated with long-term exposure to air pollution. In areas with high levels of air pollution, green spaces may not benefit health outcomes.Item Metadata only Controlled Sublimation Rate of Guest Drug from Polymorphic Forms of a Cyclodextrin-Based Polypseudorotaxane Complex and Its Correlation with Molecular Dynamics as Probed by Solid-State NMR(2023-01-01) Kundu S.; Higashi K.; Takamizawa M.; Ueda K.; Limwikrant W.; Yamamoto K.; Moribe K.; Kundu S.; Mahidol UniversityEncapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in confined spaces has been extensively explored as it dramatically alters the molecular dynamics and physical properties of the API. Herein, we explored the effect of encapsulation on the molecular dynamics and physical stability of a guest drug, salicylic acid (SA), confined in the intermolecular spaces of γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based polypseudorotaxane (PPRX) structure. The sublimation tendency of SA encapsulated in three polymorphic forms of the γ-CD/PEG-based PPRX complex, monoclinic columnar (MC), hexagonal columnar (HC), and tetragonal columnar (TC), was investigated. The SA sublimation rate was decreased by 3.0-6.6-fold and varied in the order of MC form > HC form > TC form complex. The 13C and 1H magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra and 13C spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) indicated that the encapsulated SA molecules existed as the monomeric form, and its molecular mobility increased in the order of MC form > HC form > TC form complex. In the complexes, a rapid chemical exchange between two dynamic states of SA (free and bound) was suggested, with varying adsorption/desorption rates accounting for its distinct molecular mobility. This adsorption/desorption process was influenced by proton exchange at the interaction site and interaction strength of SA in the complexes, as evidenced by 1H MAS spectra and temperature dependency of the 13C carbonyl chemical shift. A positive correlation between the molecular mobility of SA and its sublimation rate was established. Moreover, the molecular mobility of γ-CD and PEG in the complexes coincided with that of SA, which can be explained by fast guest-driven dynamics. This is the first report on the stability improvement of an API through complexation in polymorphic supramolecular host structures. The relationship between the molecular dynamics and physical properties of encapsulated API will aid in the rational design of drug delivery systems.Item Metadata only Effect modification by temperature on the association between O3 and emergency ambulance dispatches in Japan: A multi-city study(2023-02-25) Phosri A.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.; Honda A.; Takano H.; Mahidol UniversityNumerous epidemiological studies have reported that ozone (O3) and temperature are independently associated with health outcomes, but modification of the effects of O3 on health outcomes by temperature, and vice versa, has not been fully described. This study aimed to investigate effect modification by temperature on the association between O3 and emergency ambulance dispatches (EADs) in Japan. Data on daily air pollutants, ambient temperature, and EADs were obtained from eight Japanese cities from 2007 to 2015. A distributed lag non-linear model combined with Poisson regression was performed with temperature as a confounding factor and effect modifier to estimate the effects of O3 on EADs at low (<25th percentile), moderate (25th–75th percentile), and high (>75th percentile) temperature for each city. The estimates obtained from each city were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis. When temperature was entered as a confounder, the estimated effects of O3 on EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses were largest at lag 0 (current-day lag). Therefore, this lag was used to further estimate the effects of O3 on EADs in each temperature category. The estimated effects of O3 on EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses in all eight Japanese cities increased with increasing temperature. Specifically, a 10 ppb increase in O3 was associated with 0.80 % (95 % CI: 0.25 to 1.35), 0.19 % (95 % CI: −0.85 to 1.25), and 1.14 % (95 % CI: −0.01 to 2.31) increases in the risk of EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses, respectively, when city-specific daily temperature exceeded the 75th percentile. Our findings suggest that the association between O3 and EADs for all acute, cardiovascular, and respiratory illnesses is the highest during high temperature. Finding of this study can be used to develop potential mitigation measures against O3 exposure in high temperature environment to reduce its associated adverse health effects.Item Metadata only Effects of Coexposure to Air Pollution from Vegetation Fires and Extreme Heat on Mortality in Upper Northern Thailand(2024-01-01) Uttajug A.; Seposo X.; Phosri A.; Phung V.L.H.; Tajudin M.A.B.A.; Ueda K.; Uttajug A.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: understanding the effects of coexposure to compound extreme events, such as air pollution and extreme heat, is important for reducing current and future health burdens. This study investigated the independent and synergistic effects of exposure to air pollution from vegetation fires and extreme heat on all-cause mortality in Upper Northern Thailand. Methods: we used a time-stratified case-crossover study design with a conditional quasi-Poisson model to examine the association between mortality and coexposure to air pollution due to vegetation fire events (fire-PM2.5) and extreme heat. Extreme heat days were defined using the 90th and 99th percentile thresholds for daily maximum temperature. Results: we observed a significant positive excess risk of mortality due to independent exposure to fire-PM2.5 and extreme heat, but not an interactive effect. All-cause mortality risk increased by 0.9% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.1, 1.8) for each 10 μg/m3 increase in fire-PM2.5 on the same day and by 12.8% (95% CI: 10.5, 15.1) on extreme heat days (90th percentile) relative to nonextreme heat days. Conclusion: this study showed that exposure to PM2.5 from vegetation fires and extreme heat independently increased all-cause mortality risk in UNT. However, there was no evidence of a synergistic effect of these events.Item Metadata only Health Impacts from PM2.5 Exposure Using Environmental Epidemiology and Health Risk Assessment: A Review(2023-01-01) Sukuman T.; Ueda K.; Sujaritpong S.; Praekunatham H.; Punnasiri K.; Wimuktayon T.; Prapaspongsa T.; Mahidol UniversityExposure to PM2.5 has been known to cause a variety of serious health consequences. Quantifying and investigating the health effects of PM2.5 pollution are imperative to understand and collect scientific evidence for supporting policies and associated actions. In this paper, we reviewed published environmental epidemiological studies and health risk assessments evaluating the health impacts of PM2.5 exposure in the PubMed database to identify the attributes of each method and aggregate the health impact results to perform analyses and summaries. Forty-two studies were identified after applying our search strategy, inclusion, and exclusion criteria. The epidemiological studies found an increased risk of several diseases from short-and long-term exposure, such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, lung cancer, stroke, pneumonia, depression, and diabetes. However, several conditions remain to be explored as the associations remain unclear, such as asthma, bronchitis, breast cancer, Parkinson’s disease for long-term exposure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stillbirth, and hypertension for short-term exposure. Health risk assessment (HRA) studies at a global scale found more than 4 million deaths from diseases associated with PM2.5 exposure. These studies also emphasized the importance and benefits of health guidelines that demonstrated to help avoid the number of fatalities significantly, especially guidelines from the World Health Organization (WHO) that showed the highest benefit. HRA studies in Thailand also showed that the country's air quality needs to be improved to avoid deaths and hospital admission cases. We also found that cohort studies for the Thai population are required to improve the quality of data and limit overestimation from using global estimates. Finally, the benefits and limitations of each study approach were collated to assist future studies in determining the most suited instruments for their purposes.Item Metadata only Long-term air pollution exposure and decreased kidney function: A longitudinal cohort study in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand from 2002 to 2012(2022-01-01) Paoin K.; Ueda K.; Vathesatogkit P.; Ingviya T.; Buya S.; Dejchanchaiwong R.; Phosri A.; Seposo X.T.; Kitiyakara C.; Thongmung N.; Honda A.; Takano H.; Sritara P.; Tekasakul P.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: Kidney dysfunction is considered a cardiovascular risk factor. However, few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of air pollution on kidney function. We evaluated associations between long-term air pollution exposure and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using data from a cohort of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) study in Bangkok Metropolitan Region, Thailand. Methods: This longitudinal study included 1839 subjects (aged 52–71 years in 2002) from the EGAT1 cohort study during 2002–2012. eGFR, based on creatinine, was measured in 2002, 2007, and 2012. Annual mean concentrations of air pollutants (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)) prior to a measurement of creatinine were assessed with the ordinary kriging method. Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to assess associations between air pollutants and eGFR, while controlling for potential covariates. eGFR values are expressed as percent change per interquartile range (IQR) increments of each pollutant. Results: Lower eGFR was associated with higher concentrations of PM10 (−1.99%, 95% confidence interval (CI): −3.33, −0.63), SO2 (−4.89%, 95%CI: −6.69, −3.07), and CO (−0.97%, 95%CI: −1.96, 0.03). However, after adjusting for temperature, relative humidity, PM10, and SO2, no significant association was observed between CO and eGFR. Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that long-term exposure to high concentrations of PM10 and SO2 is associated with the progression of kidney dysfunction in subjects of the EGAT cohort study.Item Metadata only Long-Term Associations between Greenness and Air Pollution with Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study(2023-01-01) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Vathesatogkit P.; Phosri A.; Buya S.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Ingviya T.; Saranburut K.; Thongmung N.; Yingchoncharoen T.; Sritara P.; Mahidol UniversityEpidemiological studies show that both increasing air pollution and less exposure to greenness may lead to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1, 2]. However, limited longitudinal studies identified the associations between residential greenness and CVD risk factors, such as blood pressure (BP) [3], blood lipids [4] and blood sugar [5]. We examined the associations between long-term exposure to greenness and air pollution with BP (i.e., systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)), blood lipids (i.e., total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides (TG)) and fasting glucose (FG) using workers cohort study from Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in Bangkok metropolitan region (BMR), Thailand. This study was based on 2,027 participants from the EGAT1 cohort study (2002-2017; aged 52-71 years at the baseline) [6]. Outcome variables were measured in 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. The amount of greenness in each participant's subdistrict was measured using the satellite-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The average concentration of each air pollutant (i.e., particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO)) at the sub-district level in BMR from 2002 to 2017 was generated using the kriging method [7]. Exposure periods were averaged to 1 year prior to each participant’s follow-up date. We applied linear mixed effects models to analyze the association of greenness and air pollution with outcome variables. Each participant was assigned as a random intercept in our models to control the autocorrelation of repeated measurements for the same participant. Outcome variables (SBP, DBP, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, and FG) were transformed using a log10 function to improve normality and stabilize variances. During the follow-up period, participants' average exposure to PM10 was 46.6 µg/m3, which nearly exceeded Thailand's annual PM10 standard (50 µg/m3). After adjusting for potential confounders (e.g., age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, education level, income, and prevalence and treatment of hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia), an interquartile range increment of PM10, O3, SO2, and CO was associated with elevated TC [2.4% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.6, 3.3), 1.5% (0.9, 2.0), 2.6% (1.3, 3.9), and 2.4% (1.6, 3.2), respectively] and LDL-C [2.0% (0.8, 3.3), 1.5% (0.6, 2.3), 3.1% (1.2, 5.1), and 2.6% (1.4, 3.8), respectively]. PM10, O3, and CO were negatively associated with HDL-C [-2.0% (-2.8, -1.2), -0.8% (-1.3, -0.2), and -1.7 (-2.6, -0.8), respectively]. Elevated FG levels were also inversely associated with higher PM10 [1.9% (1.2, 2.6)], SO2 [2.7% (1.6, 3.8)], and CO [1.9% (1.2, 2.5)]. Moreover, we also observed the positive associations between PM10 and SO2 with SBP and DBP. In two-pollutant models, associations between all air pollutants and outcome variables were not essentially changed. However, we were unable to find a clear association between NDVI and EVI for all outcome variables. These findings suggest that exposure to air pollution may increase the risk of CVD. In areas with high levels of air pollution, green spaces might not have a beneficial effect on health outcomes.Item Metadata only Long-term associations of air pollution exposure with liver enzymes among adult employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand: A longitudinal cohort study(2023-04-15) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Vathesatogkit P.; Buya S.; Saranburut K.; Phosri A.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Ingviya T.; Kitiyakara T.; Thongmung N.; Sritara P.; Mahidol UniversityExposure to particulate air pollution may induce hepatotoxic effects via low-grade inflammation. However, only a few longitudinal epidemiological studies have investigated the long-term effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. The present study examined associations between long-term air pollution exposure and serum liver enzymes [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] in employees of the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) in Thailand's Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). We conducted secondary analyses using the data obtained from 2022 subjects (mean age, 41.2 years as of 2009) of the EGAT3 cohort study (2009–2019). The daily mean concentration of each air pollutant (PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO) was estimated at the sub-district level in BMR from 2008 to 2019 using the Kriging approach. Long-term exposure for each subject was defined as the 1-year average concentrations before the date of the physical examination in 2009, 2014, and 2019. We used linear mixed effects models to assess associations between air pollution and serum liver enzymes. Interquartile range increases in PM10 and O3 were related to decreased ALP [-2.4% (95%CI: -3.0, −1.9) and −6.6% (−7.3, −5.9), respectively] after potential confounders were adjusted. Positive associations between NO2, SO2, and CO with ALP were found [5.7% (4.8, 6.5), 4.5% (4.0, 5.0), and 0.8 (0.3, 1.4), respectively]. Elevated AST was also associated with higher PM10 [1.7% (0.8, 2.5)] and O3 [5.7% (4.5, 6.9)]. However, AST was negatively associated with NO2 [-2.9% (−4.0, −1.8)] and SO2 [-1.7% (−2.3, −1.1)]. In contrast to other air pollutants, we only observed a positive association between O3 and ALT [3.4% (1.5, 5.3)]. The alteration in liver enzyme levels was significantly associated with long-term exposure to air pollution, which may raise the possibility of hepatocellular damage.Item Metadata only Modification of liposomes composed of a cationic lipid TMAG and an anionic lipid DSPG with a PEGylated lipid based on the investigation of lipid structures(2023-03-20) Hohokabe M.; Higashi K.; Yamada Y.; Fujimoto T.; Tokumoto T.; Imamura H.; Morita T.; Ueda K.; Limwikrant W.; Moribe K.; Mahidol UniversityCharged lipids are widely utilized in functional liposomes for controlled release and targeting of drugs. In this study, we prepared the liposomes composed of a cationic lipid N-(α-trimethylammonioacetyl)-distearoyl-D-glutamate chloride (TMAG) and an anionic lipid 1,2-dioctadecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-1′-rac-glycerol (DSPG) with the molar ratio of TMAG/DSPG = 0:10–10:0 by hydration and extrusion methods. SAXS study for the lipid thin films revealed the formation of lamellar structures of TMAG and DSPG. The lipid thin film, except for the composition of 5:5 and 6:4, formed a liposome with a size of ∼100 nm that could encapsulate riboflavin in the inner aqueous phase. The zeta potentials of liposomes with the composition of 0:10–4:6 showed negative charges, while those of 7:3–10:0 showed positive charges. As the composition approached from 0:10 or 10:0 to 5:5, the phase transition temperature of the lipid bilayer from liquid crystalline phase to gel phase became higher, and the extent of fluorescence anisotropy increased. Thus, the lipid bilayer around the equimolar mixture could form a rigid structure with low fluidity of lipid alkyl chains. The surface charge cancellation by the opposite ionic head groups and the less curvature of the rigid lipid bilayer should prevent the liposomal formation at the composition of 5:5 and 6:4. However, the equimolar composition of 5:5 could form a liposome by the modification of distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine-polyethyleneglycol 2000 (DSPE-PEG2000) into the lipid bilayer at the molar ratio of 4% because it can reduce the rigidity of the lipid bilayer, provide positive curvature to the lipid bilayer, and stabilize the liposome dispersion in water through steric hindrance.Item Metadata only Preparation of redispersible dry nanoemulsion using chitosan-octenyl succinic anhydride starch polyelectrolyte complex as stabilizer(2022-07-01) Sodalee K.; Limwikrant W.; Pongjanyakul T.; Ueda K.; Higashi K.; Moribe K.; Puttipipatkhachorn S.; Mahidol UniversityIn this study, chitosan-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) starch polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) was investigated as a stabilizer for redispersible dry nanoemulsion. Fenofibrate, a BCS class II lipid-lowering drug, with poor solubility was used as model drug. The dry nanoemulsions were prepared by spray drying of the formulation consisting of fenofibrate nanoemulsions with chitosan-OSA starch PEC as a stabilizer and lactose as a solid carrier. The effect of formulation variables such as type of emulsion stabilizer, starch to oil ratio, PEC formation method, and lactose amount were investigated. The results showed that the droplet size of liquid nanoemulsions remarkably decreased with an increasing starch to oil ratio. Solid-state characterizations (FTIR, Raman, DSC, and PXRD) revealed that fenofibrate was present in molecularly dispersed form in the spray-dried nanoemulsions. Higher lactose levels provided the spray-dried nanoemulsions with improved redispersibility and smaller droplet sizes. Interestingly, the high drug dissolution without pH effect was obtained at a high lactose level and a high molar charge ratio of chitosan- OSA starch PEC. These results revealed that the redispersible dry nanoemulsion prepared by spray drying could be utilized for improving the dissolution of fenofibrate. Therefore, chitosan-OSA starch PEC was a promising stabilizer for dry nanoemulsion.Item Metadata only Residential greenness and kidney function: A cohort study of Thai employees(2023-03-01) Paoin K.; Pharino C.; Vathesatogkit P.; Phosri A.; Buya S.; Saranburut K.; Ueda K.; Seposo X.T.; Ingviya T.; Kitiyakara C.; Thongmung N.; Sritara P.; Mahidol UniversityHigher residential greenness is associated with a lower risk of chronic kidney disease, but evidence on the association between greenness exposure and kidney function has not been conducted. Using cohort data from Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) employees, we investigated the association between long-term exposure to greenness and kidney function using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), Thailand. We analyzed data from 2022 EGAT workers (aged 25–55 years at baseline) from 2009 to 2019. The level of greenness was calculated using the satellite-derived Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). From 2008 to 2019, the average concentration of each air pollutant (PM10, O3, NO2, SO2, and CO) at the sub-district level in BMR was generated using the Kriging method. Long-term exposure for each participant was defined as the 1-year average concentrations before the date of the physical examination in 2009, 2014, and 2019. We employed linear mixed effects models to evaluate associations of NDVI and EVI with eGFR. The robustness of the results was also tested by including air pollutants in the models. After relevant confounders were controlled, the interquartile range increase in NDVI was associated with higher eGFR [1.03% (95%CI: 0.33, 1.74)]. After PM10 and SO2 were included in the models, the associations between NDVI and eGFR became weaker. The additions of O3, NO2, and CO strengthened the associations between them. In contrast, we did not find any association between EVI and eGFR. In conclusion, there was a positive association between NDVI and eGFR, but not for EVI. Air pollutants had a significant impact on the relationship between NDVI and eGFR. Additional research is needed to duplicate this result in various settings and populations to confirm our findings.
