Scopus 2022
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Item Metadata only THE INHERITANCE AND EXISTENCE OF THE TRAE WONG BAND IN BANG LEN DISTRICT NAKHON PATHOM PROVINCE(2022-02-28) Phothikawin D.; Phothikawin D.; Mahidol UniversityThis research aimed to 1) study the history of the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province, 2) study the condition and problems of the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province, and 3) study the inheritance and existence of the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province. This research used the qualitative research method, which consisted of the key informants as follows: 1) people who had knowledge and understanding of the history, condition, problems, inheritance, and existence of the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province. 2) Professional musicians who were related to the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province. The research results were presented in a descriptive research method. The results found that 1) the history of the Trae Wong Band, started with music teachers and musicians in 4 Provinces: Teacher Thongdee Dechaona, teacher and musician from Nakhon Pathom Province; Teacher Dawei Tassananate, teacher and musician from Ratchaburi Province; teachers and musicians from Amphawa District, Samut Songkhram Province; and Teacher Boonrawd Thongkamsai, Teacher Prakong Wisuthiwong, and Teacher Thanu Wisuthiwong, teachers and musicians from Song Phi Nong District Suphanburi Province. They inherited their knowledge to the Trae Wong Band as follows: Wichian Entertain Band, Bantoengsilp Band, Kwanjai Silamull Band, and Siam Poolsilp Band. 2) The condition and problems of the Trae Wong Band, it was caused by the inheritance of knowledge and management. The external condition and problems of the Trae Wong Band, it was caused by social and cultural conditions, technology, economy, and health. 3) the inheritance and existence of the Trae Wong Band in Bang Len District Nakhon Pathom Province, were caused by internal family knowledge and external knowledge inheritance. Adaptation of the Trae Wong Band consisted of the application of musical instruments and modern music performance, uniqueness creation, marketing; public relations; and recognition, and appreciation of the Trae Wong Band in terms of traditions and rituals.Item Metadata only A NEW PERSPECTIVE OF COMPOSING 51 BASED ON INSPIRATION OF INDONESIAN TRADITIONAL MUSIC BEYOND THE GAMELAN(2022-08-30) Iskandar N.P.; Fyr K.; Buranaprapuk A.; Iskandar N.P.; Mahidol UniversityAn emerging issue in the world of Indonesian contemporary classical music is the overrepresentation of the gamelan, the famed set of musical instruments of Java and Bali. The widespread popularity of the gamelan has persevered, especially in Western art music circles, since the late nineteenth century, when its sounds first caught the interest of Claude Debussy at the 1889 Paris Exposition. Since then, the gamelan has inspired many Western and Eastern composers, particularly with respect to its unique timbres and sonorities. Although the gamelan has been justifiably recognized as a source of inspiration to many composers, it represents but one of the traditional musical styles of Indonesia-many of which have received far less attention. This article therefore has two primary aims: 1) to challenge and encourage composers to see Indonesian music in a broader perspective, to explore and find new sources of musical inspiration outside the borders of Java and Bali; and 2) to present discussions of two recent compositions which can be seen as examples in this regard: Ananda Sukarlan's Rapsodia Nusantara and Nathan Iskandar's Indonesian Suite.Item Metadata only OVERCOMING THE DIFFICULTIES FACED BY UNPERFORMED THAI OPERAS IN THE MODERN ERA(2022-08-30) Carlson F.P.; Carlson F.P.; Mahidol UniversityThroughout history there have been a number of operas written by Thai composers. Sadly, five of these Thai operas remain unperformed to this day. Rather than abandoning these cancelled works to history, there is the potential to learn from their failures as a means to assist future Thai opera productions. This academic article is focused on overcoming the issues that these unperformed operas endured. Four key reasons emerged for their failure, these being culture, politics, popularity and financial support. These obstacles were not easy to remedy at the time, however, could we now utilise modern technology to overcome such hurdles? This led to the question of whether future operas could avoid this dreaded unperformed status by outlining modern solutions to these past problems. This investigation is vital, with many young Thai composers eager to produce operas. By highlighting the challenges that unperformed operas have faced, and offering counter measures, the hope is for future generations to attune their own creative process to evade these barriers.Item Metadata only PERFORMANCE PRACTICE OF “KANG KAO GIN GLUAY” FOR PIANO FOUR HANDS BY WIWAT SUTHIYAM(2022-08-30) Tangsinmonkong S.; Tangsinmonkong S.; Mahidol University“Kang Kao Gin Gluay” is a popular Thai traditional tune which had a long historical background since the Ayutthaya Kingdom. Wiwat Suthiyam, a Thai contemporary composer, brought this famous tune to compose theme and variations for piano four hands in the style of significant famous 20th century composers such as Witold Lutosławski, Olivier Messiaen, Sergei Prokofiev, Francis Poulenc, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Dmitri Shostakovich. This composition has become essential for pianists and advanced students who are interested in playing various compositional styles in one piece. To play this composition distinctively, it requires not only musical interpretation but also technical and ensemble skills. This article will go through the composition background and focus on performance practice in each variation as well as significant aspects in each variation including character, form, compositional style, pedal, rhythmic complexity, articulations, dynamics, melody, harmony, ensemble, texture and technique will be pointed out and suggestion for practicing will be given.Item Metadata only AN ANALYSIS AND REHEARSAL SUGGESTIONS FOR PERFORMANCE OF PHRA PRANG SAM YOT OVERTURE FOR WIND ORCHESTRA(2022-08-30) Chaiwanichsiri V.; Suriyos A.; Chaiwanichsiri V.; Mahidol UniversityPhra Prang Sam Yot Overture for wind orchestra, composed by Viskamol Chaiwanichsiri was inspired by Phra Prang Sam Yot (English: Three Towers Shrine) which is one of the provincial landmark of Lopburi province. In this composition, composer have used elements from Thai music, i.e., Rabam Lopburi—Lopburi’s provincial tune, Ling Kab Suea—Thai folk tune that represent the monkey which is the animal associated with Lopburi, and Thai music technique of Lueam—Echo in the piece. Moreover, the composer have used western music compositional technique of motivic development, counterpoint and harmony to create variety to the composition. This article aims to analyze the structure and motive of the composition, along with the suggestions for the rehearsal of the significant areas in the piece that would be beneficial to the performer and composer who are interested in composition with the touch of Thai culture.Item Metadata only MUSIC IN KHUN CHANG KHUN PHAEN LITERATURE BY VAJIRAYANA LIBRARY VERSION(2022-02-28) Klangprasri S.; Klangprasri S.; Mahidol UniversityThis article presents the music that appears in the Sepha Ballad book of “Khun Chang Khun Phaen” (Vajirayana Library edition/Revised edition). It is intended for Thai musicians to have a better understanding of the essence of the music in Khun Chang Khun Phaen from the perspectives of a Thai musical historian and provides music content for academic reference. The article’s contents consist of: (1) the essence of reciting a Thai musicali verse; (2) the musical songs of Khun Chang Khun Phaen. The study found that, originally, Khun Chang Khun Phaen is a Thai folk tale based on the annals of the Ayutthaya period which is later called “Sepha” by the officials. Krom Phra Surasawadi recited it into a fairy tale story that was sung along with the rhythm of “Krap Khu” (Both hands playing a pair of wooden sticks). This became a pattern of reciting “Sepha ballad,” after which several episodes of Khun Chang Khun Phaen were added. During the reign of King Buddhalertla Naphalai (King Rama II), the story of Khun Chang Khun Phaen was recited with the Pipat ensemble. This marked the Formation of “Pipat Sepha Ballad Band” and the popularization of singing the verse to the melody, as evident in the total of 73 lyrics/songs in the Vajirayana Library edition. Furthermore, in each episode, there are other musical contents which can be used as a reference to expanding the perspective of Thai music to be broad and more profound.Item Metadata only Cause-Effect Relationship of Varying Bonding Thicknesses in Dentin Adhesion of Universal Adhesives(2022-01-01) Alam A.; Chowdhury A.F.M.A.; Yamauti M.; Saikaew P.; Hoshika S.; Carvalho R.M.; Sano H.; Sidhu S.K.; Alam A.; Mahidol UniversityPurpose: To evaluate whether varying thicknesses of universal adhesives utilizing the additional coating strategy would affect their microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to dentin, hardness, and elastic modulus (mechanical properties). Materials and Methods Ninety-nine human maxillary premolars were cut to expose coronal dentin, ground with regu lar-grit diamond burs, and randomly distributed into nine groups based on 1. adhesive: Scotchbond Universal Adhe sive (SB; universal), G Premio Bond (GP; universal) and Clearfil Megabond 2 (MB; two-step self-etch; control); and 2. application strategy (one, two or three coats; each coat light cured). After adhesive application and resin composite buildup, the bonded teeth were stored in distilled water (37°C; 24 h). Resin-dentin sticks from eight premolars per group (each premolar yielded three sticks; n 24 sticks altogether) were prepared for the μTBS test, followed by mea surement of the adhesive thicknesses at their fractured ends using SEM. The mechanical properties of the adhesive layers produced by different coats were evaluated on separate resin-dentin slices (n = 3 teeth per group). Results Two coats significantly increased the μTBS (p 0.001) of all the adhesives. The correlation between adhe sive thickness and bond strength was positive for GP but negative for SB. MB did not show any correlation. Additional coating significantly increased the mechanical properties of GP (p 0.05) but did not affect SB and MB (p 0.05). Conclusion An additional adhesive coating over the manufacturers’ recommendations improved the bond strength of all the adhesives tested. However, the increased mechanical properties of the adhesives with additional curing was material dependentItem Metadata only Music Listening Behaviors of Thai Adolescents(2022-07-01) Suwanphithak W.; Trakarnrung S.; Suwanphithak W.; Mahidol UniversityThis research aimed to investigate the music listening behaviors of Thai adolescents. The survey research was employed in the study. The population was Thai adolescents. By means of purposive sampling, the participants included Chulalongkorn University Demonstration Secondary School students of grades 7 and 10 (N = 275). Data were collected by using document analysis forms, and online questionnaire. The results can be divided into 2 parts. On the one hand, the majority of participants were girls between 12 and 16 years old, studying in grades 7 and 10, with the number of seventh grades greater than those in grade 10. The participants, on the other hand, knew the up-to-date songs through YouTube. Many new songs were with significant influence recommended by their friends. The findings also suggest that they usually listened to the music alone. According to their listening time, they listened to the music from 6 PM to 9 PM which were approximately 2 hours per session. Furthermore, the most favorite private places to listen to music were at home, bedroom, and car.Item Metadata only Buddhist Amulet Recognition by Using ResNet50(2022-12-01) Pornpanomchai C.; Pornpanomchai V.; Pornpanomchai C.; Mahidol UniversityThe objective of this research is to develop a computer system which can recognize Buddhist amulet images. The system is called “Buddhist amulet recognition system (BARS)”. BARS consists of four main modules, namely: 1) dataset training, 2) image acquisition, 3) ResNet50 classification and 4) result presentation. The system dataset consists of 3,248 images belonging to 203 amulet types, with 16 images per type. The system analyzed both metal & clay amulets, which consisted of 146 metal amulets and 57 clay ones. BARS employed the pre-training convolutional neural network (CNN) called “ResNet50” in MATLAB for recognizing Buddhist amulets. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision rates for the training dataset of BARS are 0.9998, 0.9879, 0.9999 and 0.9879, respectively. The system also conducted cross-validation on an untrained dataset, which has accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision rates of 0.9999, 0.9541, 0.9999 and 0.9541, respectively. The average training time is 3,183.2 seconds and the average access time is 1.34 second per image. Finally, this research compares the accuracy of ResNet18, ResNet50 and ResNet101, with the same amulet dataset.Item Metadata only Use of dietary supplement among the elderly in Yangon, Myanmar(2022-02-08) San S.S.; Anuratpanich L.; Sunantiwat M.; Pumtong S.; San S.S.; Mahidol UniversityThe use of dietary supplement (DS) among the elderly has increased worldwide including Myanmar. This survey research aimed to explore the prevalence of DS use and factors associated with DS use among the elderly in Yangon, Myanmar. Two hundred elderly were systematically sampled from four wards in South Okkalapa Township, Yangon. Face-to-face interviews with a structured questionnaire were conducted in February 2020. Descriptive statistics, chi square test and a binary logistic regression were used for data analysis. Findings showed that DS use was highly prevalent among the elderly (71%; 95% CI 64.7-77.3). The top three DS frequently used were multivitamins and minerals, vitamin B complex, and a combination of ginseng and multivitamins/minerals (43.6%, 12.8%, 11.3% respectively). The majority used only one DS, once daily, and between one and five years. Nearly half of them took DS to promote their health. They received DS from purchasing at pharmacies (45.1%), obtaining from family/relatives and friends (33.2%), and hospitals (18.5%). Nearly 75% reported that they consulted with their healthcare providers when taking DS. There were no any associations among independent variables (demographic factors, health behaviors, as well as health status) and DS use of the elderly. Some interventions by health care organizations might be created to raise awareness of appropriate use of DS, especially for the elderly who are at high risk group of negative consequences from drug-dietary interaction.Item Metadata only Economic burden of malaria in Burundian children: An evidence for disease management in resource limited settings(2022-02-08) Hezagira N.; Youngkong S.; Riewpaiboon A.; Hezagira N.; Mahidol UniversityIn Burundi, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in children under five. This results in high clinical burden of the disease; however, its economic burden remains unknown. The aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden associated with malaria in Burundi and explore the factors that can affect the costs. This study was a prospective incidence-based cost-of-illness study analysed from the societal perspective. The study included children aged under five years with malaria infection, who visited and received treatment at any of the two study health facilities in the period of November to December 2019. Data collection was done by reviewing medical and financial records and by interviewing caregivers of the patients. Micro-costing approach was used to estimate the economic costs of malaria per episode. The cost was presented in international dollars (Int$) for the year 2019. Stepwise multiple linear regression method was applied to examine the factors affecting the costs and to generate a cost model. Eighty-five children with the average age of 29 months were included in the study. Most of them (70.5%) were treated as in-patient. The out-patient visits costed Int$23.5, while the in-patient hospitalization costed Int$218.2. The types of medical services, health facilities, antimalarials used, and duration of fever before seeking appropriate medical care were found to affect the costs. The model indicates that up to Int$18.76 can be saved per malaria episode if treated early (in less than 2 days). This can save up to Int$24,257,748 per year at national level. This study demonstrated that malaria is associated with a considerable economic burden in Burundi. It will support decision makers in deciding an appropriate clinical management for malaria prevention like the community case management program.Item Metadata only Microencapsulation of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium extract using pectin as a carrier matrix and its characterization(2022-02-08) Goli A.S.; Leanpolchareanchai J.; Chewchinda S.; Yahuafai J.; Nontakham J.; Sato H.; Sato V.H.; Goli A.S.; Mahidol UniversityLysiphyllum strychnifolium (Craib) A. Schmitz (LS, Fabaceae) is one of the folklore medicines in Thailand. The previous studies have demonstrated several pharmacological activities and high polyphenolic substances possessed by this plant. However, the suitable encapsulation of LS extract has not been discovered. This study aimed to develop LS microcapsules using spray-drying technique with pectin as a carrier. Moreover, the powder analysis and characterization were also conducted. The effects of inlet temperatures (80, 100, and 120°C) and carrier concentrations (1, 5, and 10 %w/v) on the encapsulation yield (EY), encapsulation efficiency (EE), total phenolic content (TPC), and main markers (trilobatin and yanangdaengin) of LS microcapsules were studied. Finally, the characterization was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained results indicated that S2 microcapsule formulation, pectin to extract ratio 10:1 (w/w) at inlet temperature of 100°C, was chosen as the optimal condition because of the positive tendency to acquire higher EE as pectin level was increased. On the contrary, the level of TPC and markers was reduced due to the more addition of pectin. The FTIR, XRD, and DSC results suggested that the well-encapsulated microcapsules were obtained for S2 formulation and SEM represented the semi-spherical structure of its microstructures. The development of LS microcapsules with the proximity to gain the advantageous powder analysis and characteristic has been achieved. Therefore, this approach could be used for the subsequent manufacturing of LS extract.Item Metadata only Hospital pharmacists’ satisfaction with antimicrobial resistance management in Thailand(2022-02-08) Khunjan S.; Anuratpanich L.; Pumtong S.; Khunjan S.; Mahidol UniversitySince 2017, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) management has been one of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of tertiary hospitals in Thailand. Pharmacists are an integral part of a multidisciplinary team combating AMR in hospitals. There has been no previous research on Thai pharmacists’ satisfaction with AMR management. This study aimed to investigate hospital pharmacists’ opinions, attitudes, and job satisfaction regarding AMR management as well as the relationships between variables. A cross-sectional survey was conducted. Self-administered questionnaires were posted to both public and private hospitals (n=1,298) across Thailand. Between April and July of 2021, data was collected. Descriptive statistics, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis test were used for analysis. A total of 249 pharmacists who were actively involved in AMR management in their hospitals completed questionnaires. The response rate was 19.2%. The respondents’ average age was 37.20±8.2 years. Most of the pharmacists (77.5%) were female. The average number of years spent as a hospital pharmacist was 12.3±8.2. Approximately 63% believed it was worthwhile to work in AMR management and they liked their current job. Secondary hospital pharmacists had more favorable attitudes than tertiary hospital pharmacists. In terms of job satisfaction, pharmacists in secondary hospitals reported higher level of satisfaction with their salary than pharmacists in the tertiary hospitals (p=0.000). Regarding gender, work competency and career path were found to be statistically significant (p < .05). Males expressed greater satisfaction with work competency than females, whereas females expressed greater satisfaction with their career path. Pharmacists' opinions, attitudes, and job satisfaction with AMR management were significantly positively associated. It can be stated that the hospital pharmacists were optimistic about AMR management. While the majority of them expressed satisfaction with their jobs, improving some factors such as job-related skills and career path is necessary to retain health care professionals in hospitals.Item Metadata only Antimicrobial effect of coconut oil on Staphylococcus aureus: an implication of Staphylococcus epidermidis induced fermentation(2022-02-08) Mahaklan L.; Pratuangdejkul J.; Satitpatipan V.; Mahaklan L.; Mahidol UniversityStaphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium of human skin. S. epidermidis possesses lipolytic activity to digest skin surface lipids into the smallest unit of fatty acids (FAs). Most FAs hold antimicrobial properties essential for protecting skin from invading microorganisms. In this study, we were interested in virgin coconut oil (VCO), the source of several medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) such as lauric acid and caprylic acid. Those MCFAs products demonstrated remarkable antibacterial activity. Our results showed that crude supernatant from the culture medium of S. epidermidis with VCO fermentation exhibited the growth inhibition effect on Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium causes a wide range of skin diseases. A co-culture of S. epidermidis and S. aureus in a rich medium with 2.5% (v/v) VCO significantly reduced the growth of S. aureus compared to those without VCO (p-value <0.05). Moreover, time-kill kinetics study showed that the supernatant from the culture medium of S. epidermidis with VCO fermentation showed an efficient antimicrobial activity against S. aureus after 18 hours of incubation. Our results concluded that the culture of S. epidermidis with VCO plausibly induced fermentation of natural lipid sources aiming the production of MCFAs with antibacterial activity, particularly suppression of skin pathogen S. aureus growth. The skin commensal bacterium S. epidermidis might help produce MCFAs from skin products containing VCO and make more benefits for skin infection protection.Item Metadata only CRISP: a deep learning architecture for GC × GC-TOFMS contour ROI identification, simulation and analysis in imaging metabolomics(2022-03-10) Mathema V.B.; Duangkumpha K.; Wanichthanarak K.; Jariyasopit N.; Dhakal E.; Sathirapongsasuti N.; Kitiyakara C.; Sirivatanauksorn Y.; Khoomrung S.; Mathema V.B.; Mahidol UniversityTwo-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) provides a large amount of molecular information from biological samples. However, the lack of a comprehensive compound library or customizable bioinformatics tool is currently a challenge in GC × GC-TOFMS data analysis. We present an open-source deep learning (DL) software called contour regions of interest (ROI) identification, simulation and untargeted metabolomics profiler (CRISP). CRISP integrates multiple customizable deep neural network architectures for assisting the semi-automated identification of ROIs, contour synthesis, resolution enhancement and classification of GC × GC-TOFMS-based contour images. The approach includes the novel aggregate feature representative contour (AFRC) construction and stacked ROIs. This generates an unbiased contour image dataset that enhances the contrasting characteristics between different test groups and can be suitable for small sample sizes. The utility of the generative models and the accuracy and efficacy of the platform were demonstrated using a dataset of GC × GC-TOFMS contour images from patients with late-stage diabetic nephropathy and healthy control groups. CRISP successfully constructed AFRC images and identified over five ROIs to create a deepstacked dataset. The high fidelity, 512 × 512-pixels generative model was trained as a generator with a Fréchet inception distance of <47.00. The trained classifier achieved an AUROC of >0.96 and a classification accuracy of >95.00% for datasets with and without column bleed. Overall, CRISP demonstrates good potential as a DL-based approach for the rapid analysis of 4-D GC × GC-TOFMS untargeted metabolite profiles by directly implementing contour images. CRISP is available at https://github.com/vivekmathema/GCxGC-CRISP.Item Metadata only A nursing perspective of the financial planning model for disaster preparedness(2022-01-01) Margono; Hidayah N.; Krongthaeo S.; Margono; Mahidol UniversityIndonesia tends to be at a high risk of natural disasters, non-natural disasters, and social disasters. To minimize disaster impact, planning and management of finances are crucial. Unfortunately, a nursing study discussing the financial model during a disaster is lacking in the literature. The study aims to develop a financial planning model integrating Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center in Magelang, Indonesia. An observational approach was involved in the study design. The member of One Muhammadiyah One Response (OMOR) in several districts was engaged. A checklist and closed-ended questions were used for the data collection process. The study established a financial planning model that can be helpful for community nurses working in disaster areas. Fur ther study is required to evaluate the collaboration with other healthcare professionals in disaster preparedness.Item Metadata only Thaitone Colors: Language Structure and Relationship to Thai Society(2022-01-01) Taibanguai K.; Srichampa S.; Taibanguai K.; Mahidol UniversityThis article aims to analyze the language structure of basic color terms and non-basic color terms of Thaitone and to examine how these color terms relate to culture and environment in the Thai context. The present research uses analysis based on ethnolinguistic concepts, semantic fields and sociocultural perspectives. The results indicate that 156 Thaitone colors can be divided into ten groups: red, yellow, orange, green, black, white, blue, purple, gold, and brown. Thaitone colors are currently at the seventh stage of the Berlin & Kay's hierarchy of basic color terms and consist of nine basic color terms, except sky blue, dark blue, and pink. Thaitone naming construction can be seen in both basic and non-basic color terms. For basic color terms, only one method appears—basic color term without comparison—while four constructions have been developed for non-basic color terms: 1) non-basic terms without comparison, 2) non-basic color terms with comparison added, 3) non-basic color terms with modifying words added, and 4) only comparison words. All comparison words are found to be the name of entities consisting of 90 inanimate names, 19 animate names, and 6 supernatural names. The semantic domains show that these color terms are closely linked to Thai society and the environment. This relationship can be observed in four basic concepts, namely: 1) Thai society adheres to beliefs, faith, and religious power; 2) Thai society is rich in natural objects; 3) Thai society has a variety of ways of life; and 4) Thai society places a strong emphasis on rhetoric.Item Metadata only The 2021 WHO catalogue of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex mutations associated with drug resistance: a genotypic analysis(2022-04-01) Walker T.M.; Miotto P.; Köser C.U.; Fowler P.W.; Knaggs J.; Iqbal Z.; Hunt M.; Chindelevitch L.; Farhat M.R.; Cirillo D.M.; Comas I.; Posey J.; Omar S.V.; Peto T.E.A.; Suresh A.; Uplekar S.; Laurent S.; Colman R.E.; Nathanson C.M.; Zignol M.; Walker A.S.; Crook D.W.; Ismail N.; Rodwell T.C.; Barilar I.; Battaglia S.; Borroni E.; Brandao A.P.; Brankin A.; Cabibbe A.M.; Carter J.; Chetty D.; Claxton P.; Clifton D.A.; Cohen T.; Coronel J.; Dreyer V.; Earle S.G.; Escuyer V.; Ferrazoli L.; Gao G.F.; Gardy J.; Gharbia S.; Ghisi K.T.; Ghodousi A.; Cruz A.L.G.; Grazian C.; Groenheit R.; Guthrie J.L.; He W.; Hoffmann H.; Hoosdally S.J.; Jarrett L.; Joseph L.; Jou R.; Kambli P.; Khot R.; Koch A.; Kohl T.A.; Kohlerschmidt D.; Kouchaki S.; Lachapelle A.S.; Lalvani A.; Grandjean L.; Lapierre S.G.; Laurenson I.F.; Letcher B.; Lin W.H.; Liu C.; Liu D.; Malone K.M.; Mandal A.; Masjö M.; Matias D.; Meintjes G.; Mendes F.F.; Merker M.; Mihalic M.; Millard J.; Mistry N.; Moore D.A.J.; Musser K.A.; Ngcamu D.; Hoang N.N.; Niemann S.; Nilgiriwala K.S.; Nimmo C.; O'Donnell M.; Okozi N.; Oliveira R.S.; Paton N.I.; Pinhata J.M.W.; Plesnik S.; Puyen Z.M.; Rabodoarivelo M.S.; Rakotosamimanana N.; Rancoita P.M.V.; Rathod P.; Robinson E.R.; Rodger G.; Walker T.M.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: Molecular diagnostics are considered the most promising route to achievement of rapid, universal drug susceptibility testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). We aimed to generate a WHO-endorsed catalogue of mutations to serve as a global standard for interpreting molecular information for drug resistance prediction. Methods: In this systematic analysis, we used a candidate gene approach to identify mutations associated with resistance or consistent with susceptibility for 13 WHO-endorsed antituberculosis drugs. We collected existing worldwide MTBC whole-genome sequencing data and phenotypic data from academic groups and consortia, reference laboratories, public health organisations, and published literature. We categorised phenotypes as follows: methods and critical concentrations currently endorsed by WHO (category 1); critical concentrations previously endorsed by WHO for those methods (category 2); methods or critical concentrations not currently endorsed by WHO (category 3). For each mutation, we used a contingency table of binary phenotypes and presence or absence of the mutation to compute positive predictive value, and we used Fisher's exact tests to generate odds ratios and Benjamini-Hochberg corrected p values. Mutations were graded as associated with resistance if present in at least five isolates, if the odds ratio was more than 1 with a statistically significant corrected p value, and if the lower bound of the 95% CI on the positive predictive value for phenotypic resistance was greater than 25%. A series of expert rules were applied for final confidence grading of each mutation. Findings: We analysed 41 137 MTBC isolates with phenotypic and whole-genome sequencing data from 45 countries. 38 215 MTBC isolates passed quality control steps and were included in the final analysis. 15 667 associations were computed for 13 211 unique mutations linked to one or more drugs. 1149 (7·3%) of 15 667 mutations were classified as associated with phenotypic resistance and 107 (0·7%) were deemed consistent with susceptibility. For rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, and streptomycin, the mutations' pooled sensitivity was more than 80%. Specificity was over 95% for all drugs except ethionamide (91·4%), moxifloxacin (91·6%) and ethambutol (93·3%). Only two resistance mutations were identified for bedaquiline, delamanid, clofazimine, and linezolid as prevalence of phenotypic resistance was low for these drugs. Interpretation: We present the first WHO-endorsed catalogue of molecular targets for MTBC drug susceptibility testing, which is intended to provide a global standard for resistance interpretation. The existence of this catalogue should encourage the implementation of molecular diagnostics by national tuberculosis programmes. Funding: Unitaid, Wellcome Trust, UK Medical Research Council, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.Item Metadata only A COMPARISON OF FOREST REGENERATION IN AN ABANDONED RUBBER PLANTATION AND LOGGED-OVER FOREST WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR FOREST-ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION IN SOUTHEAST THAILAND(2022-01-01) Kansuntisukmongkol K.; Brockelman W.Y.; Wongprom P.; Maxwell J.F.; Kansuntisukmongkol K.; Mahidol UniversityRubber plantations have been encroaching into upland areas in Southeast Asia for many decades. Such monocultural expansion is a major driver of deforestation in many countries. In Thailand, illegal rubber plantations are subject to government forfeiture and most have been abandoned, allowing subsequent forest regeneration. In Rayong Province, Southeast Thailand, rubber has expanded into upland forest areas since 1987. Here, we report on tree regeneration and ground flora in a rubber plantation abandoned 20 years ago in semi-evergreen forest in the province and compare it with a regenerating forest that was selectively logged prior to 1978. We also surveyed mammals and birds at each site, to determine the potential for zoochorous seed dispersal. The tree flora (≥10 cm DBH) of the abandoned rubber plantation was dominated by Leucaena leucocephala (Leguminosae, Mimosoideae), and the sapling layer (1–5 cm DBH) by Streblus ilicifolius (Moraceae). The non-native L. leucocephala had been introduced by the plantation owner to enrich the soil. Rubber trees (up to 33 years old) still dominated the upper canopy. Native small-tree density (5–10 cm DBH) was 66% higher and native large-tree density (≥10 cm DBH) was 24% lower in the abandoned rubber plantation (ARP) than in the logged evergreen forest (LEF), indicating an earlier successional status in the former. Species richness and diversity of woody plants were higher in the LEF than in the ARP in most strata, except for tree and shrub species ≥5 cm DBH, of which 73 species had re-established in the ARP (despite competition from the alien L. leucocephala), compared with 63 species in the LEF. Native liana species were common in both plots (22 species in the ARP; 24 in the LEF). Of all native trees and shrubs ≥5 cm in DBH in the ARP 73% were known to be dispersed by animals, in comparison with 79% for the LEF. Longterm research is needed to determine if native species, recruiting into the ARP from nearby logged natural forests, will be able to outcompete the alien species and become dominant.Item Metadata only Blended learning in acids and bases: an alternative to science teaching for lower secondary schools(2022-08-01) Cyril N.; Coll S.; Ketpichainarong W.; Rajoo M.; Cyril N.; Mahidol UniversityThis literature suggests that using a blended approach to learning by incorporating digital technologies may be more appealing to students than merely using digital devices. This experimental research reported in this work investigated if blended learning using a virtual learning environment improved students’ understanding of acid–base chemistry. The sample was drawn from Grade 8 students and compared the performance of students taught using formal learning and blended learning approaches. A total of 53 students from two different classes, were conveniently assigned to experimental (N = 22) and control (N = 31) groups. Data comprised pre- and post-tests of conceptual understanding, focus group interviews, examination of digital postings, student-written responses, and teacher planning diaries. Statistically significant differences were seen in the academic performance of the experimental group. The findings thus may suggest the use of a blended learning environment improves student understanding when learning acids and bases compared to the control group.