Publication: Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)<sup>1</sup>
Issued Date
2021-01-01
Resource Type
ISSN
15548635
15548627
15548627
Other identifier(s)
2-s2.0-85102619204
Rights
Mahidol University
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Autophagy. Vol.17, No.1 (2021), 1-382
Suggested Citation
Daniel J. Klionsky, Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz, Sara Abdelfatah, Mahmoud Abdellatif, Asghar Abdoli, Steffen Abel, Hagai Abeliovich, Marie H. Abildgaard, Yakubu Princely Abudu, Abraham Acevedo-Arozena, Iannis E. Adamopoulos, Khosrow Adeli, Timon E. Adolph, Annagrazia Adornetto, Elma Aflaki, Galila Agam, Anupam Agarwal, Bharat B. Aggarwal, Maria Agnello, Patrizia Agostinis, Javed N. Agrewala, Alexander Agrotis, Patricia V. Aguilar, S. Tariq Ahmad, Zubair M. Ahmed, Ulises Ahumada-Castro, Sonja Aits, Shu Aizawa, Yunus Akkoc, Tonia Akoumianaki, Hafize Aysin Akpinar, Ahmed M. Al-Abd, Lina Al-Akra, Abeer Al-Gharaibeh, Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali, Simon Alberti, Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez, Cristiano Alessandri, Muhammad Ali, M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari, Saeb Aliwaini, Javad Alizadeh, Eugènia Almacellas, Alexandru Almasan, Alicia Alonso, Guillermo D. Alonso, Nihal Altan-Bonnet, Dario C. Altieri, Élida M.C. Álvarez, Sara Alves, Cristine Alves da Costa, Mazen M. Alzaharna, Marialaura Amadio, Consuelo Amantini, Cristina Amaral, Susanna Ambrosio, Amal O. Amer, Veena Ammanathan, Zhenyi An, Stig U. Andersen, Shaida A. Andrabi, Magaiver Andrade-Silva, Allen M. Andres, Sabrina Angelini, David Ann, Uche C. Anozie, Mohammad Y. Ansari, Pedro Antas, Adam Antebi, Zuriñe Antón, Tahira Anwar, Lionel Apetoh, Nadezda Apostolova, Toshiyuki Araki, Yasuhiro Araki, Kohei Arasaki, Wagner L. Araújo, Jun Araya, Catherine Arden, Maria Angeles Arévalo, Sandro Arguelles, Esperanza Arias, Jyothi Arikkath, Hirokazu Arimoto, Aileen R. Ariosa, Darius Armstrong-James, Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin, Angeles Aroca, Daniela S. Arroyo, Ivica Arsov, Rubén Artero, Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro, Michael Aschner, Milad Ashrafizadeh, Osnat Ashur-Fabian, Atanas G. Atanasov, Alicia K. Au, Patrick Auberger, Holger W. Auner, Laure Aurelian Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)<sup>1</sup>. Autophagy. Vol.17, No.1 (2021), 1-382. doi:10.1080/15548627.2020.1797280 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/76399
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Title
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)<sup>1</sup>
Author(s)
Daniel J. Klionsky
Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
Sara Abdelfatah
Mahmoud Abdellatif
Asghar Abdoli
Steffen Abel
Hagai Abeliovich
Marie H. Abildgaard
Yakubu Princely Abudu
Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
Iannis E. Adamopoulos
Khosrow Adeli
Timon E. Adolph
Annagrazia Adornetto
Elma Aflaki
Galila Agam
Anupam Agarwal
Bharat B. Aggarwal
Maria Agnello
Patrizia Agostinis
Javed N. Agrewala
Alexander Agrotis
Patricia V. Aguilar
S. Tariq Ahmad
Zubair M. Ahmed
Ulises Ahumada-Castro
Sonja Aits
Shu Aizawa
Yunus Akkoc
Tonia Akoumianaki
Hafize Aysin Akpinar
Ahmed M. Al-Abd
Lina Al-Akra
Abeer Al-Gharaibeh
Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali
Simon Alberti
Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez
Cristiano Alessandri
Muhammad Ali
M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari
Saeb Aliwaini
Javad Alizadeh
Eugènia Almacellas
Alexandru Almasan
Alicia Alonso
Guillermo D. Alonso
Nihal Altan-Bonnet
Dario C. Altieri
Élida M.C. Álvarez
Sara Alves
Cristine Alves da Costa
Mazen M. Alzaharna
Marialaura Amadio
Consuelo Amantini
Cristina Amaral
Susanna Ambrosio
Amal O. Amer
Veena Ammanathan
Zhenyi An
Stig U. Andersen
Shaida A. Andrabi
Magaiver Andrade-Silva
Allen M. Andres
Sabrina Angelini
David Ann
Uche C. Anozie
Mohammad Y. Ansari
Pedro Antas
Adam Antebi
Zuriñe Antón
Tahira Anwar
Lionel Apetoh
Nadezda Apostolova
Toshiyuki Araki
Yasuhiro Araki
Kohei Arasaki
Wagner L. Araújo
Jun Araya
Catherine Arden
Maria Angeles Arévalo
Sandro Arguelles
Esperanza Arias
Jyothi Arikkath
Hirokazu Arimoto
Aileen R. Ariosa
Darius Armstrong-James
Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin
Angeles Aroca
Daniela S. Arroyo
Ivica Arsov
Rubén Artero
Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro
Michael Aschner
Milad Ashrafizadeh
Osnat Ashur-Fabian
Atanas G. Atanasov
Alicia K. Au
Patrick Auberger
Holger W. Auner
Laure Aurelian
Amal Kamal Abdel-Aziz
Sara Abdelfatah
Mahmoud Abdellatif
Asghar Abdoli
Steffen Abel
Hagai Abeliovich
Marie H. Abildgaard
Yakubu Princely Abudu
Abraham Acevedo-Arozena
Iannis E. Adamopoulos
Khosrow Adeli
Timon E. Adolph
Annagrazia Adornetto
Elma Aflaki
Galila Agam
Anupam Agarwal
Bharat B. Aggarwal
Maria Agnello
Patrizia Agostinis
Javed N. Agrewala
Alexander Agrotis
Patricia V. Aguilar
S. Tariq Ahmad
Zubair M. Ahmed
Ulises Ahumada-Castro
Sonja Aits
Shu Aizawa
Yunus Akkoc
Tonia Akoumianaki
Hafize Aysin Akpinar
Ahmed M. Al-Abd
Lina Al-Akra
Abeer Al-Gharaibeh
Moulay A. Alaoui-Jamali
Simon Alberti
Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez
Cristiano Alessandri
Muhammad Ali
M. Abdul Alim Al-Bari
Saeb Aliwaini
Javad Alizadeh
Eugènia Almacellas
Alexandru Almasan
Alicia Alonso
Guillermo D. Alonso
Nihal Altan-Bonnet
Dario C. Altieri
Élida M.C. Álvarez
Sara Alves
Cristine Alves da Costa
Mazen M. Alzaharna
Marialaura Amadio
Consuelo Amantini
Cristina Amaral
Susanna Ambrosio
Amal O. Amer
Veena Ammanathan
Zhenyi An
Stig U. Andersen
Shaida A. Andrabi
Magaiver Andrade-Silva
Allen M. Andres
Sabrina Angelini
David Ann
Uche C. Anozie
Mohammad Y. Ansari
Pedro Antas
Adam Antebi
Zuriñe Antón
Tahira Anwar
Lionel Apetoh
Nadezda Apostolova
Toshiyuki Araki
Yasuhiro Araki
Kohei Arasaki
Wagner L. Araújo
Jun Araya
Catherine Arden
Maria Angeles Arévalo
Sandro Arguelles
Esperanza Arias
Jyothi Arikkath
Hirokazu Arimoto
Aileen R. Ariosa
Darius Armstrong-James
Laetitia Arnauné-Pelloquin
Angeles Aroca
Daniela S. Arroyo
Ivica Arsov
Rubén Artero
Dalia Maria Lucia Asaro
Michael Aschner
Milad Ashrafizadeh
Osnat Ashur-Fabian
Atanas G. Atanasov
Alicia K. Au
Patrick Auberger
Holger W. Auner
Laure Aurelian
Other Contributor(s)
Departement Cellulaire en Moleculaire Geneeskunde
Université Côte d'Azur
The Francis Crick Institute
i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
Centre du Cancer Segal
Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Universidade Nove de Julho
TIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine
Biotech Research & Innovation Centre
Islamic University of Gaza
Gulf Medical University
Universidad de Sevilla
NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
Stanford University School of Medicine
Sapienza Università di Roma
The Jikei University School of Medicine
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Istituto Europeo di Oncologia
Aarhus Universitet
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
Universidad del Pais Vasco
Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Università degli Studi di Camerino
Universität Wien
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
The University of Sydney
Osaka University
University of Cologne
University of California, San Francisco
UC Davis School of Medicine
National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira
CSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC)
Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
University of Bristol
Imperial College Faculty of Medicine
Università della Calabria
Rajshahi University
Institutionen för Experimentell Medicinsk Vetenskap
Technische Universität Dresden
Kræftens Bekæmpelse
Università degli Studi di Palermo
University of Toronto
Ain Shams University
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Wilmer Eye Institute
Medical Research Council
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Università degli Studi di Pavia
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
UT Medical Branch at Galveston
Universidade Federal de Vicosa
University of Maryland School of Medicine
University of Crete Medical School
Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
Medizinische Universität Wien
Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba
The Wistar Institute
The Institute of Cancer Research
Sabancı Üniversitesi
University of Dundee
Tohoku University
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Howard University College of Medicine
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
National Eye Institute (NEI)
City of Hope National Med Center
Universidade do Porto
City University of New York
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
Koç Üniversitesi
Medizinische Universität Graz
Newcastle University
Universidad Mayor
Colby College
Tel Aviv University
Pasteur Institute of Iran
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Iowa State University
The Ohio State University
Universidad de la Laguna
Helsingin Yliopisto
Universitat de València
Nihon University
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Universitat de Barcelona
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy
Inserm
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Save as Ravi Manjithaya
Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED)
Inflammation Research Center
Université Côte d'Azur
The Francis Crick Institute
i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Indian Institute of Technology Ropar
Centre du Cancer Segal
Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Universidade Nove de Julho
TIGEM Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine
Biotech Research & Innovation Centre
Islamic University of Gaza
Gulf Medical University
Universidad de Sevilla
NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
Stanford University School of Medicine
Sapienza Università di Roma
The Jikei University School of Medicine
Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
Istituto Europeo di Oncologia
Aarhus Universitet
Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna
Universidad del Pais Vasco
Universite Paul Sabatier Toulouse III
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
The University of Alabama at Birmingham
Università degli Studi di Camerino
Universität Wien
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
The University of Sydney
Osaka University
University of Cologne
University of California, San Francisco
UC Davis School of Medicine
National Institute of Neuroscience, Kodaira
CSIC - Instituto Cajal (IC)
Leibniz Institut fur Pflanzenbiochemie
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
Cleveland Clinic Foundation
University of Bristol
Imperial College Faculty of Medicine
Università della Calabria
Rajshahi University
Institutionen för Experimentell Medicinsk Vetenskap
Technische Universität Dresden
Kræftens Bekæmpelse
Università degli Studi di Palermo
University of Toronto
Ain Shams University
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
Wilmer Eye Institute
Medical Research Council
The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Università degli Studi di Pavia
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
UT Medical Branch at Galveston
Universidade Federal de Vicosa
University of Maryland School of Medicine
University of Crete Medical School
Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge
Medizinische Universität Wien
Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba
The Wistar Institute
The Institute of Cancer Research
Sabancı Üniversitesi
University of Dundee
Tohoku University
Medizinische Universitat Innsbruck
Howard University College of Medicine
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
National Eye Institute (NEI)
City of Hope National Med Center
Universidade do Porto
City University of New York
Safar Center for Resuscitation Research
Koç Üniversitesi
Medizinische Universität Graz
Newcastle University
Universidad Mayor
Colby College
Tel Aviv University
Pasteur Institute of Iran
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)
Iowa State University
The Ohio State University
Universidad de la Laguna
Helsingin Yliopisto
Universitat de València
Nihon University
Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University
Universitat de Barcelona
Universidad de Buenos Aires
Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy
Inserm
Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Save as Ravi Manjithaya
Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (ERI BIOTECMED)
Inflammation Research Center
Abstract
In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field.