Potent inhibition of peperomia pellucida extracts towards rankl-induced osteoclast formation through m1 macrophage polarization

Abstract

Osteoporosis is one of the major health problems, especially considering geriatric populations. Nowadays, the finding of an effective and cost-efficient drug from natural medicines has been conducting. One of the strong candidates is Peperomia pellucida. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of this plant have been shown to accelerate bone healing events in vivo. However, there is no data regarding the comparison of effect from its various extracts directly on bone-related cells. The aims of this study are to observe the effect of four types of extracts with different polarity from P. pellucida on the culture of bone-related cells. Effect of the extracts on the proliferation of osteoblast cells and inhibition to osteoclastogenesis were performed in UMR-106 and RAW 264.7 cells respectively, which is induced by receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand then analyses with TRAP Staining Assay. The determination of phytochemical compounds was performed using HPLC. The extracts can decrease the viability of both cells at a concentration 100 µg/mL. Water extract caused the morphology change of RAW 264.7 cells into M1 macrophage. No increase in osteoblast proliferation was observed. Meanwhile, each extract showed a different effect on osteoclastogenesis. Water extract successfully inhibits osteoclast formation. The activity was 92.45 ± 1.82% at a concentration of 10 µg/mL. The induction of macrophage M1 polarization was suggested as a mechanism of action. Apigenin was detected present in the extract by HPLC analysis. This study suggested the potential usage of water extract of P. pellucida as an alternative source of antiosteoporosis agents.