Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Nonmetal-Doped Titanium Dioxide Photocatalysts for Simultaneous H<inf>2</inf>Production and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal from Industrial Wastewater

Abstract

A series of nonmetal-doped titanium dioxide (Nmx/TiO2, wherexis the weight fraction of nonmetal elements) photocatalysts was prepared via ultrasonic-assisted impregnation for simultaneous hydrogen (H2) production and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal from industrial wastewater. Three types of Nm elements, carbon (C), silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P), were explored. The P1/TiO2exhibited a higher photocatalytic activity for H2production and COD removal than the C1/TiO2and Si1/TiO2photocatalysts. Approximately 6.43 mmol/g photocatalyst of H2was produced, and around 26% COD removal was achieved at a P1/TiO2loading of 4.0 g/L, a light intensity of 5.93 mW/cm2, and a radiation time of 4 h. This is because the P1/TiO2photocatalyst exhibited lower point of zero charge values and a more appropriate band position compared with other Nmx/TiO2photocatalysts to produce H+, which can consequently form H2, and reactive oxygen species (HO·and O2·-), which serve as oxidizing agents to degrade the organic pollutants. Increasing the content of the P element doped into the TiO2-based material up to 7.0% by weight enhanced the H2production and COD removal up to 8.34 mmol/g photocatalyst and 50.6%, respectively. This is attributed to the combined effect of the point of zero charge value and theSBETof the prepared photocatalysts. The photocatalytic activity of the P7/TiO2photocatalyst was still higher than the TiO2-based material after the fourth use.