Extracellular vesicles from thalassemia patients carry iron-containing ferritin and hemichrome that promote cardiac cell proliferation

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bioactive, submicron-sized membrane vesicles released from all cell types upon activation or apoptosis. EVs including microparticles (MPs) and exosomes have emerged as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication in both normal and pathological states including thalassemia (thal). However, the role of EVs derived from β-thal patients with iron overload (+ IO) and without iron overload (-IO) on cardiac cells is unclear. We hypothesized plasma EVs in thal patients containing ferritin (iron storage protein) and a denaturated hemoglobin-hemichrome that induce cardiac cell proliferation. The origins and numbers of EVs isolated from plasma of normal, thal (+ IO), and (− IO) patients were compared and determined for their iron and iron-containing proteins along with their effects on cardiac and endothelial cells. Data shows that MPs were originated from many cell sources with marked numbers of platelet origin. Only the number of RBC-derived MPs in thal (+ IO) patients was significantly high when compared to normal controls. Although MPs derived from both normal and thal patients promoted cardiac cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, only exosomes from thal patients promoted cardiac cell proliferation compared to the untreated. Moreover, the exosomes from thal (+ IO) potentially induce higher cardiac cell proliferation and angiogenesis in terms of tube number than thal (− IO) and normal controls. Interestingly, ferritin content in the exosomes isolated from thal (+ IO) was higher than that found in the MPs isolated from the same patient. The exosomes of thal patients with higher serum ferritin level also contained greater level of ferritin inside the exosomes. Apart from ferritin, there were trends of increasing hemichrome and iron presented in the plasma EVs and EV-treated H9C2 cells. Findings from this study support the hypothesis that EVs from β-thal patients carry iron-load proteins that leads to the induction of cardiac cell proliferation.