Determination of Heavy Metal Residues in Tropical Fruits near Industrial Estates in Rayong Province, Thailand: A Risk Assessment Study

Abstract

This study determined the extent of heavy metal contamination of local fruit in Rayong, Thailand, an area where an industrial base is adjacent to agricultural areas. Dietary exposure to agricultural products grown in contaminated areas can cause multiple adverse effects to the human body. In order to avoid such undesirable effects, concentrations of heavy metals [arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)] were investigated in popular tropical fruits from three districts of Rayong, namely Wang Chan, Klang and Mueang. The levels of heavy metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and cold vapor-atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Levels of the six heavy metals in sampled fruits (durian, jackfruit, pineapple, rambutan, long kong, and mangosteen) were in the range of 0.0004-6.7095 mg/kg; 16.7% of fruit samples exceeded maximum permissible limits of Pb. Based on health risk assessments, values of estimated daily intake (EDI) were less than those of maximum tolerable daily intake. However, for non-carcinogenic risks, high hazard index (HI) values were found in some markets while for carcinogenic risks (CRs), CR values of three fruits (durian, jackfruit, and mangosteen) exceeded acceptable levels. Therefore, long-term fruit consumption could impact health of local consumers. These results provided insight into the need for regular monitoring of heavy metal concentrations in potentially contaminated fruits and for prevention of its potential effects.