Publication:
Primates in peril: The significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation

Issued Date

2018-01-01

Resource Type

Article

ISSN

21678359

DOI

10.7717/peerj.4869

Other identifier(s)

2-s2.0-85048588060

Rights

Mahidol University

Rights Holder(s)

SCOPUS

Bibliographic Citation

PeerJ. Vol.2018, No.6 (2018)

Suggested Citation

Alejandro Estrada, Paul A. Garber, Russell A. Mittermeier, Serge Wich, Sidney Gouveia, Ricardo Dobrovolski, K. A.I. Nekaris, Vincent Nijman, Anthony B. Rylands, Fiona Maisels, Elizabeth A. Williamson, Julio Bicca-Marques, Agustin Fuentes, Leandro Jerusalinsky, Steig Johnson, Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo, Leonardo Oliveira, Christoph Schwitzer, Christian Roos, Susan M. Cheyne, Maria Cecilia Martins Kierulff, Brigitte Raharivololona, Mauricio Talebi, Jonah Ratsimbazafy, Jatna Supriatna, Ramesh Boonratana, Made Wedana, Arif Setiawan Primates in peril: The significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation. PeerJ. Vol.2018, No.6 (2018). doi:10.7717/peerj.4869 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/44919

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Title

Primates in peril: The significance of Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia and the Democratic Republic of the Congo for global primate conservation

Author(s)

Alejandro Estrada
 Paul A. Garber
 Russell A. Mittermeier
 Serge Wich
 Sidney Gouveia
 Ricardo Dobrovolski
 K. A.I. Nekaris
 Vincent Nijman
 Anthony B. Rylands
 Fiona Maisels
 Elizabeth A. Williamson
 Julio Bicca-Marques
 Agustin Fuentes
 Leandro Jerusalinsky
 Steig Johnson
 Fabiano Rodrigues de Melo
 Leonardo Oliveira
 Christoph Schwitzer
 Christian Roos
 Susan M. Cheyne
 Maria Cecilia Martins Kierulff
 Brigitte Raharivololona
 Mauricio Talebi
 Jonah Ratsimbazafy
 Jatna Supriatna
 Ramesh Boonratana
 Made Wedana
 Arif Setiawan

Other Contributor(s)

Bristol Zoological Society Ltd
 Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservacao da Biodiversidade
 University of Antananarivo
 Universitas Indonesia
 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
 Federal University of Espirito Santo
 Liverpool John Moores University
 Universidade Federal de Goias
 University of Stirling
 University of Notre Dame
 Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul
 Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo
 Oxford Brookes University
 Universidade Federal da Bahia
 Mahidol University
 Deutsches Primatenzentrum
 Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
 Universidade Federal de Sergipe
 University of Calgary
 Wildlife Conservation Society
 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
 The Aspinall Foundation-Indonesia Program
 SwaraOwa
 Borneo Nature Foundation
 Global Wildlife Conservation
 Groupe d'Etude et de Recherche sur les Primates de Madagascar (GERP)

Abstract

© 2018 Estrada et al. Primates occur in 90 countries, but four-Brazil, Madagascar, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)-harbor 65% of the world's primate species (439) and 60% of these primates are Threatened, Endangered, or Critically Endangered (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017-3). Considering their importance for global primate conservation, we examine the anthropogenic pressures each country is facing that place their primate populations at risk. Habitat loss and fragmentation are main threats to primates in Brazil, Madagascar, and Indonesia. However, in DRC hunting for the commercial bushmeat trade is the primary threat. Encroachment on primate habitats driven by local and global market demands for food and non-food commodities hunting, illegal trade, the proliferation of invasive species, and human and domestic-animal borne infectious diseases cause habitat loss, population declines, and extirpation. Modeling agricultural expansion in the 21st century for the four countries under a worstcase- scenario, showed a primate range contraction of 78% for Brazil, 72% for Indonesia, 62% for Madagascar, and 32% for DRC. These pressures unfold in the context of expanding human populations with low levels of development. Weak governance across these four countries may limit effective primate conservation planning. We examine landscape and local approaches to effective primate conservation policies and assess the distribution of protected areas and primates in each country. Primates in Brazil and Madagascar have 38% of their range inside protected areas, 17% in Indonesia and 14% in DRC, suggesting that the great majority of primate populations remain vulnerable. We list the key challenges faced by the four countries to avert primate extinctions now and in the future. In the short term, effective law enforcement to stop illegal hunting and illegal forest destruction is absolutely key. Long-term success can only be achieved by focusing local and global public awareness, and actively engaging with international organizations, multinational businesses and consumer nations to reduce unsustainable demands on the environment. Finally, the four primate range countries need to ensure that integrated, sustainable land-use planning for economic development includes the maintenance of biodiversity and intact, functional natural ecosystems.

Keyword(s)

Agricultural and Biological Sciences
 Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
 Neuroscience

Availability

URI

https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/20.500.14594/44919

Collections

Scopus 2018