Publication:
Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources

1

Issued Date

2021-06-03

Resource Type

Article

ISSN

14764687
00280836

DOI

10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z

Other identifier(s)

2-s2.0-85107710627

Rights

Mahidol University

Rights Holder(s)

SCOPUS

Bibliographic Citation

Nature. Vol.594, No.7861 (2021), 33-36

Suggested Citation

Zhen Cao, F. A. Aharonian, Q. An, Axikegu, L. X. Bai, Y. X. Bai, Y. W. Bao, D. Bastieri, X. J. Bi, Y. J. Bi, H. Cai, J. T. Cai, Zhe Cao, J. Chang, J. F. Chang, X. C. Chang, B. M. Chen, J. Chen, L. Chen, Liang Chen, Long Chen, M. J. Chen, M. L. Chen, Q. H. Chen, S. H. Chen, S. Z. Chen, T. L. Chen, X. L. Chen, Y. Chen, N. Cheng, Y. D. Cheng, S. W. Cui, X. H. Cui, Y. D. Cui, B. Z. Dai, H. L. Dai, Z. G. Dai, Danzengluobu, D. della Volpe, B. D′Ettorre Piazzoli, X. J. Dong, J. H. Fan, Y. Z. Fan, Z. X. Fan, J. Fang, K. Fang, C. F. Feng, L. Feng, S. H. Feng, Y. L. Feng, B. Gao, C. D. Gao, Q. Gao, W. Gao, M. M. Ge, L. S. Geng, G. H. Gong, Q. B. Gou, M. H. Gu, J. G. Guo, X. L. Guo, Y. Q. Guo, Y. Y. Guo, Y. A. Han, H. H. He, H. N. He, J. C. He, S. L. He, X. B. He, Y. He, M. Heller, Y. K. Hor, C. Hou, X. Hou, H. B. Hu, S. Hu, S. C. Hu, X. J. Hu, D. H. Huang, Q. L. Huang, W. H. Huang, X. T. Huang, Z. C. Huang, F. Ji, X. L. Ji, H. Y. Jia, K. Jiang, Z. J. Jiang, C. Jin, D. Kuleshov, K. Levochkin, B. B. Li, Cong Li, Cheng Li, F. Li, H. B. Li, H. C. Li, H. Y. Li, J. Li, K. Li Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources. Nature. Vol.594, No.7861 (2021), 33-36. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03498-z Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/79345

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Title

Ultrahigh-energy photons up to 1.4 petaelectronvolts from 12 γ-ray Galactic sources

Author(s)

Zhen Cao
 F. A. Aharonian
 Q. An
 Axikegu
 L. X. Bai
 Y. X. Bai
 Y. W. Bao
 D. Bastieri
 X. J. Bi
 Y. J. Bi
 H. Cai
 J. T. Cai
 Zhe Cao
 J. Chang
 J. F. Chang
 X. C. Chang
 B. M. Chen
 J. Chen
 L. Chen
 Liang Chen
 Long Chen
 M. J. Chen
 M. L. Chen
 Q. H. Chen
 S. H. Chen
 S. Z. Chen
 T. L. Chen
 X. L. Chen
 Y. Chen
 N. Cheng
 Y. D. Cheng
 S. W. Cui
 X. H. Cui
 Y. D. Cui
 B. Z. Dai
 H. L. Dai
 Z. G. Dai
 Danzengluobu
 D. della Volpe
 B. D′Ettorre Piazzoli
 X. J. Dong
 J. H. Fan
 Y. Z. Fan
 Z. X. Fan
 J. Fang
 K. Fang
 C. F. Feng
 L. Feng
 S. H. Feng
 Y. L. Feng
 B. Gao
 C. D. Gao
 Q. Gao
 W. Gao
 M. M. Ge
 L. S. Geng
 G. H. Gong
 Q. B. Gou
 M. H. Gu
 J. G. Guo
 X. L. Guo
 Y. Q. Guo
 Y. Y. Guo
 Y. A. Han
 H. H. He
 H. N. He
 J. C. He
 S. L. He
 X. B. He
 Y. He
 M. Heller
 Y. K. Hor
 C. Hou
 X. Hou
 H. B. Hu
 S. Hu
 S. C. Hu
 X. J. Hu
 D. H. Huang
 Q. L. Huang
 W. H. Huang
 X. T. Huang
 Z. C. Huang
 F. Ji
 X. L. Ji
 H. Y. Jia
 K. Jiang
 Z. J. Jiang
 C. Jin
 D. Kuleshov
 K. Levochkin
 B. B. Li
 Cong Li
 Cheng Li
 F. Li
 H. B. Li
 H. C. Li
 H. Y. Li
 J. Li
 K. Li

Other Contributor(s)

State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection & Electronics
 Nanjing University
 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
 Shandong University
 Wuhan University
 Yunnan University
 Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Science
 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Guangzhou University
 Tsinghua University
 Sun Yat-Sen University
 University of Science and Technology of China
 Zhengzhou University
 Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies
 Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
 Sichuan University
 National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik
 Southwest Jiaotong University
 Purple Mountain Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences
 Université de Genève
 Hebei Normal University
 Tibet University
 TIANFU Cosmic Ray Research Center

Abstract

The extension of the cosmic-ray spectrum beyond 1 petaelectronvolt (PeV; 1015 electronvolts) indicates the existence of the so-called PeVatrons—cosmic-ray factories that accelerate particles to PeV energies. We need to locate and identify such objects to find the origin of Galactic cosmic rays1. The principal signature of both electron and proton PeVatrons is ultrahigh-energy (exceeding 100 TeV) γ radiation. Evidence of the presence of a proton PeVatron has been found in the Galactic Centre, according to the detection of a hard-spectrum radiation extending to 0.04 PeV (ref. 2). Although γ-rays with energies slightly higher than 0.1 PeV have been reported from a few objects in the Galactic plane3–6, unbiased identification and in-depth exploration of PeVatrons requires detection of γ-rays with energies well above 0.1 PeV. Here we report the detection of more than 530 photons at energies above 100 teraelectronvolts and up to 1.4 PeV from 12 ultrahigh-energy γ-ray sources with a statistical significance greater than seven standard deviations. Despite having several potential counterparts in their proximity, including pulsar wind nebulae, supernova remnants and star-forming regions, the PeVatrons responsible for the ultrahigh-energy γ-rays have not yet been firmly localized and identified (except for the Crab Nebula), leaving open the origin of these extreme accelerators.

Keyword(s)

Multidisciplinary

Availability

URI

https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/79345

Collections

Scopus 2021