A Single Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for the Determination of Ammonia and pH Using Mulberry Fruit Extract as a Natural Indicator
3
Issued Date
2025-08-01
Resource Type
ISSN
10619348
eISSN
16083199
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105013580746
Journal Title
Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Volume
80
Issue
8
Start Page
1411
End Page
1421
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol.80 No.8 (2025) , 1411-1421
Suggested Citation
Phansi P., Inthichit K., Trongdee M., Kaewkong N., Nacapricha D. A Single Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for the Determination of Ammonia and pH Using Mulberry Fruit Extract as a Natural Indicator. Journal of Analytical Chemistry Vol.80 No.8 (2025) , 1411-1421. 1421. doi:10.1134/S1061934825600854 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/111807
Title
A Single Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Device for the Determination of Ammonia and pH Using Mulberry Fruit Extract as a Natural Indicator
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Abstract
Abstract: This work presents a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) designed for the screening and measurement of ammonia and pH, utilizing mulberry fruit extract as a natural indicator. For ammonia determination, the method is based on a membraneless gas-separation microfluidic device. The µPAD co-nsists of three layers: the upper layer serves as the detection area, featuring two circles with a diameter of 8 mm, where mulberry fruit extract at pH 3.07 and pH 4.93 is applied for the measurement of ammonia and pH, respectively. Ammonia gas is generated in the lower donor layer and diffuses through the gap in the middle layer to the acceptor layer. The concentration of ammonia is determined by analyzing the color change of the mulberry fruit extract indicator. Images of the colored detection zones are captured using a smartphone camera, and their color intensity is analyzed with ImageJ software. For pH measurement, the color change is compared to a standard pH scale ranging from 1 to 14. The proposed method offers a linear calibration range from 0 to 150 mg/L N, with a limit of detection of 4.89 mg/L N. The relative standard deviation was 3.43% (at 50 mg/L N, n = 10). This method was successfully applied to measure ammonia and pH in natural water, pond water, wastewater, and fertilizer samples, with recovery rates ranging from 95 to 109%. The results obtained from the µPAD correlated well with those from the spectrophotometric method for ammonia and a pH meter for pH values.