Scopus 2025
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Item Metadata only A hybrid AI-CFD framework for optimizing heat transfer of a premixed methane-air flame jet on inclined surfaces(2025-05-01) Kamma P.; Loksupapaiboon K.; Phromjan J.; Suvanjumrat C.; Kamma P.; Mahidol UniversityThis study presents a novel integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate and optimize the heat transfer characteristics of a premixed methane-air flame jet impinging on an inclined surface. Key parameters—including the mixture equivalence ratio (ϕ = 0.8–2.0), burner-to-plate distance (H/d = 2–6), Reynolds number (Re = 400–1200), and plate inclination angle (θ = 0°–90°)—were systematically analyzed to evaluate their effects on heat flux distribution and thermal efficiency. Using OpenFOAM, the laminar flame behavior was modeled under diverse conditions, revealing strong agreement with experimental data, with average errors of 6.23 % for flame height and 6.47 % for thermal efficiency. To reduce the computational expense of these simulations, a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) model was developed. The ANN accurately predicted thermal efficiency based on operational parameters, while the GA optimized these inputs to achieve maximum thermal efficiency of 76.9955 %, closely matching the CFD-predicted value of 70.86 % (discrepancy:6.1355 %). The ANN-GA model demonstrated a low absolute error of 7.97 %, confirming its reliability and precision. This research is the first to establish a robust AI-driven framework for optimizing flame jet heat transfer performance on inclined surfaces, offering valuable insights for improving industrial heating processes and advancing the application of AI in thermal system design.Item Metadata only Metagenomic evaluation, antimicrobial activities, and immune stimulation of probiotics from dietary supplements and dairy products(2025-12-01) Chornchoem P.; Tandhavanant S.; Saiprom N.; Preechanukul A.; Thongchompoo N.; Sensorn I.; Chantratita W.; Chantratita N.; Chornchoem P.; Mahidol UniversityProbiotics are widely marketed as dietary supplements and dairy products for their purported antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities, often with limited supporting evidence. We identified and isolated probiotics from commercial dietary supplements and dairy products using metagenomics and cultured-based methods. We assessed their anti-bacterial activity against diverse pathogens and investigated their immunomodulatory effects on phagocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. Metagenomic analysis revealed that Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were the predominant genera in dietary supplements, while Streptococcus spp. was dominated in dairy products. However, only 37% of the predominant microorganisms identified by metagenomics were accurately listed on product labels. Among 70 representative probiotic strains, 4.3–17.1% probiotic strains demonstrated strong antibacterial-effects against pathogenic bacteria. Notably, specific strains of Bifidobacterium longum and Lactobacillus plantarum exhibited strong antagonistic activity against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. Some strains of Lactobacillus spp. significantly enhanced phagocytic activity in monocytes and increased IFN-γ production in NK cells, while members of Lactobacillus rhamnosus significantly suppressed TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. In contrast, Bifidobacterium animalis stimulated the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study highlights discrepancies in probiotic labeling and demonstrates the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory potential of specific probiotic strains, suggesting their utility in enhancing health and wellness.Item Metadata only Inversion algorithm determining sharp boundaries in electrical resistivity tomography(2025-05-01) Ishizu K.; Goto T.N.; Fukahata Y.; Koike K.; Vachiratienchai C.; Siripunvaraporn W.; Ishizu K.; Mahidol UniversityBlurred resistivity boundaries resulting from smoothness-regularized inversions of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data can lead to inaccurate interpretations of sharp boundary structures. To address this issue, various ERT inversion algorithms have introduced localized adjustments (localized discontinuities) in the regularization operator at positions where sharp boundaries are anticipated. Current approaches rely on prior information about sharp boundary locations, obtained from complementary geophysical, geologic, and drilling data, to determine the positions and weights for these regularization adjustments. However, such prior information is frequently insufficient, limiting the application of localized regularization adjustments. Accordingly, we develop a sharp boundary inversion (SBI) algorithm using the Akaike Bayesian information criterion (ABIC) that determines the optimal positions and weights for localized regularization adjustments by testing various configurations and selecting the one that minimizes ABIC. A synthetic modeling study demonstrates that the SBI algorithm correctly delineated the sharp boundaries of a conductor. Its application to field data demonstrates that it delineated the sharp boundaries of a utility tunnel, and the size and horizontal position of the recovered tunnel were consistent with the estimated dimensions from the blueprint. As it does not rely heavily on prior information, the SBI algorithm can be applied to a wide range of geophysical survey data, even when prior knowledge of sharp boundary locations is limited.Item Metadata only Causes and consequences of financial literacy: insights from the life course paradigm in the United States(2025-01-01) Prakitsuwan P.; Mathur A.; Moschis G.P.; Prakitsuwan P.; Mahidol UniversityPurpose: The article provides explanations for the development of financial literacy and its role in promoting the person’s financial well-being over the course of his or her entire adult life. Design/methodology/approach: The research employs a recently developed conceptual framework that is based on the life course paradigm, which has been an important development in behavioral and social science in recent decades as a theoretical orientation for researching a wide range of phenomena. The study is based on a sample of 813 participants and was conducted in the United States. Findings: The findings provide explanations for the development and changes in financial knowledge and attitudes based on the person’s earlier-in-life experiences and anticipation of life-changing events and role transitions, and they underscore their importance in triggering mechanisms that shape patterns of financial-related thoughts and actions at later stages in life. Originality/value: The article offers life course explanations of financial literacy among age cohorts, making time and context relevant dimensions of theory and analysis.Item Metadata only Human Rights as Govt-Given Rights? A Theoretical Analysis of Thailand’s National Human Rights Action Plan(2025-01-01) Chokprajakchat S.; Techagaisiyavanit W.; Chokprajakchat S.; Mahidol UniversitySince the adoption of the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action in 1993, national human rights plans have become a widely used tool for countries to assess and address their human rights situations. Despite the proliferation of these policy instruments, research on their drafting processes and their impact on the meaning of human rights remains limited. This study provides a theoretical analysis of Thailand's National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP), focusing on its latest drafting experience through the lens of the deliberative school of thought. By comparing the NHRAP’s outcome with the Universal Periodic Review (UPR) recommendations and international reports, the study evaluates the extent to which Thailand's human rights protections respond to global concerns. The findings highlight shortcomings in the deliberative process of the NHRAP’s drafting. We argue that because the concept of “agreed rights” is central to the deliberative school, human rights in practice will continue to face limited protection in the absence of meaningful structural reforms.Item Metadata only Emergence of dual drug-resistant strongylids in goats: first phenotypic and genotypic evidence from Ratchaburi Province, central Thailand(2025-12-01) Chan A.H.E.; Kaenkaew C.; Pakdee W.; Sungpradit S.; Thaenkham U.; Chan A.H.E.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: This study provides crucial insights into the prevalence and drug resistance patterns of strongylid gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) in goats in Thailand, highlighting resistance to albendazole and levamisole. Strongylids, particularly Haemonchus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp., pose a significant threat to goat health. With the global rise of anthelmintic resistance, the detection of multidrug resistance in Thailand’s goat population is concerning, given the frequent import and export of goats. This resistance challenges effective parasite control strategies. This study aimed to identify strongylid species using both morphological and genetic methods and to assess resistance to albendazole and levamisole through phenotypic and molecular approaches. Results: Fecal samples from 30 goat farms in Ratchaburi Province revealed a high prevalence of strongylid infection (87%), with Haemonchus sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. detected on 100% and 96% of farms, respectively. Phenotypic assays demonstrated significant drug resistance, with 90% and 71% of farms harboring strongylid populations resistant to albendazole and levamisole, respectively. Genotypic analysis of pooled infective larvae showed that 100% of farms had albendazole-resistant strongylid populations, with 31% homozygous and 69% heterozygous resistance, and Trichostrongylus sp. showing 48% homozygous and 52% heterozygous resistance. For levamisole resistance, 92% of farms contained resistant strongylid populations, with Haemonchus sp. exhibiting 11% homozygous and 81% heterozygous resistance. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive evaluation of phenotypic and genotypic resistance in strongylid nematodes in Ratchaburi Province, addressing a key geographical gap in Thailand’s resistance data. The findings highlight the urgent need to reassess GIN management practices and develop sustainable strategies to mitigate resistance. Furthermore, these results have significant implications for transboundary livestock health, emphasizing the necessity of collaborative efforts to combat the growing challenge to anthelmintic drugs.Item Metadata only Umbrella review of nonpharmacological interventions for intrinsic capacity in older adults(2025-06-01) Lo Y.T.; Su H.C.; Chuenchomnoy C.; Liao T.W.; Wu Y.L.; Tam S.H.; Liu C.H.; Chou C.W.; Yang Y.C.; Chen Y.H.; Chen Y.C.; Lo Y.T.; Mahidol UniversityPurpose: This study aims to synthesize existing evidence on the effectiveness of nonpharmacological interventions designed to increase the intrinsic capacity (IC) of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: An umbrella review of systematic reviews from 2015 to October 31, 2024, with no language restrictions, was conducted. The review included five databases, including Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Library. Studies followed the preferred reporting items for overviews of reviews (PRIOR) statement. Eligible studies were systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMAs) that included any type of research aimed at enhancing IC in community-dwelling older adults (aged ≥60 years). The interventions covered seven domains: locomotion, vitality, cognitive function, psychological health, sensory function, sleep, and continence. Risk of bias and study quality were extracted via the AMSTAR tool, and GRADE approach was applied to assess the certainty of evidence. Findings: Out of 6407 initially identified articles, 29 SRMAs comprising 400 studies with a total sample size of 43,849 participants were included. Mobility-focused interventions were the most studied among the seven domains of IC. Moderate to low-quality evidence supports the effectiveness of intrinsic foot muscle strengthening and gait/muscle training for improving locomotor functions in older adults with frailty or acute functional decline. Nonpharmacological interventions targeting cognitive and psychological functions ranked second in the volume of available evidence. No effective sensory or continence interventions were identified. Overall, interventions have demonstrated varying effectiveness, with impacts ranging from moderate to very low across the domains of IC. Interpretations: This umbrella review provides a comprehensive assessment of nonpharmacological interventions for enhancing IC in older adults, highlighting the effectiveness of mobility/muscle strength training for improving locomotor function among frail older adult or those experiencing functional decline. However, the evidence for interventions targeting other IC domains remains limited, particularly for sensory function, and continence management. Future research should prioritize high-quality trials evaluating interventions in these areas to develop evidence-based guidelines for improving overall IC and promoting healthy aging in older adults.Item Metadata only Overoxidized electropolymerized poly(pyrrole-1-propionic acid) on screen-printed graphene electrode-based electrochemical sensor for selective detection of dopamine neurotransmitters in the presence of norepinephrine and serotonin(2025-07-01) Thangphatthanarungruang J.; Kamsong W.; Charonpongsuntorn C.; Thaipisuttikul P.; Kumnorkaew P.; Chaisuwan P.; Karuwan C.; Thangphatthanarungruang J.; Mahidol UniversityThe accuracy and reliability of quantitative analysis are critical for the practical application of analytical methods. Hence, this study pioneered the use of overoxidized electropolymerized poly(pyrrole-1-propionic acid) on a screen-printed graphene electrode as an electrochemical sensor for the selective detection of dopamine (DOP) in the presence of norepinephrine (NOR) and serotonin (SER) at physiological levels in urine. These compounds are the primary monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain that are associated with specific symptoms of depression. The developed sensor was fabricated through a facile electropolymerization and overoxidation process of the polymer on the printed electrode via cyclic voltammetry. Previous results of important studies on electrode fabrication and characterization were verified through a field-emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Under optimal conditions, the proposed sensor exhibited a dynamic concentration range of 250–5000 nM and a low detection limit of 16.53 nM for DOP detection. Moreover, the proposed method demonstrated highly selective DOP detection without interference from NOR and SER. To evaluate its biological applicability, we tested the developed method in synthetic urine samples. The proposed sensor can be productively used as an alternative electrochemical sensor with high accuracy and good precision. Therefore, this sensor is well-suited for quantitative analytical applications in the monitoring of DOP neurotransmitter levels in the nervous system, which can affect human health.Item Metadata only Epidemiology, Ventilation Management, and Outcomes in Invasively Ventilated Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients: An Analysis of Four Observational Studies in Four Countries on Two Continents(2025-04-01) Blok S.G.; Pisani L.; Estenssoro E.; Ferreira J.C.; Botta M.; Motos A.; Martin-Loeches I.; Torres A.; Schultz M.J.; Paulus F.; van Meenen D.M.P.; Blok S.G.; Mahidol UniversityEpidemiology, ventilator management, and outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) because of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been described extensively but have never been compared between countries. We performed an individual patient data analysis of four observational studies to compare epidemiology, ventilator management, and outcomes. We used propensity score weighting to control for confounding factors. The analysis included 6,702 patients: 1,500 from Argentina, 844 from Brazil, 975 from the Netherlands, and 3,383 from Spain. There were substantial differences in baseline characteristics between countries. There were small differences in ventilation management. Intensive care unit mortality was higher in Argentina and Brazil compared with the Netherlands and Spain (59.6% and 56.6% versus 32.1% and 34.7%; P,0.001). The median number of days free from ventilation and alive at day 28 was equally low (0 [0-7], 0 [0-18], 1 [0-16], and 0 [0-16] days, respectively; P 5 0.03), and the median number of days free from ventilation and alive at day 60 was higher in the Netherlands and Spain (0 [0-37], 0 [0-50], 33 [0-48], and 26 [0-48] days, respectively; P,0.001). Propensity score matching confirmed the outcome differences. Thus, the outcome of COVID-19 ARDS patients in Argentina and Brazil was substantially worse compared with that of patients in the Netherlands and Spain. It is unlikely that this results from differences in case mix or ventilation management.Item Metadata only Five decades of successive establishment of hemophilia care in Thailand(2025-01-01) Chuansumrit A.; Sriphaisal T.; Krutvecho T.; Sirachainan N.; Kitpoka P.; Pitakcharoen M.; Jaovisidha S.; Panburana P.; Suwannuraks M.; Sri-Udomporn N.; Kijkunasathian C.; Nateserinilkul R.; Pongtanakul B.; Traivaree C.; Komvilaisak P.; Sosothikul D.; Lektrakul Y.; Nuntiyagul T.; Surapolchai P.; Songthawee N.; Suwantaroj E.; Angchaisuksiri P.; Ruchutrakul T.; Rojnuckarin P.; Chuansumrit A.; Mahidol UniversityIntroduction: Management of patients with hemophilia in healthcare resource limited countries is challenging for healthcare providers. Area covered: Thai patients with hemophilia initially received episodic treatment of cryoprecipitate and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) in 1965. Home treatment using cryoprecipitate at early bleeding episodes was initiated in 1979 and replaced with fresh dry plasma in 1982. Heat-treated, lyophilized cryoprecipitate commenced in 1997, and factor concentrate was imported for clinical use in 2000. A healthy diet, limit weight gain and exercise for the prominent vein constitute a commitment among every hemophiliac. National advocacy of home treatment using factor concentrates at early bleeding episodes started in 2006 and nationwide low-dose prophylaxis in 2018. Immune tolerance induction (ITI) was initially attempted in 1997. The dental splint was invented as a local measure for dental procedures in 1979, and fibrin glue has been applied to surgical sites. A computerized program for hereditary bleeding disorders registry was initiated in 1999 and became nationwide in 2020. Finally, nationwide nonfactor therapy of monthly low-dose emicizumab prophylaxis will be established soon. Expert opinion: Hemophilia care in Thailand constitutes the real-world experience passing from generation to generation for five decades using our limited resources efficiently.Item Metadata only Estimating the Morbidity of Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy Using the Comprehensive Complication Index: Data from the Asian Robot-Assisted Radical Cystectomy Consortium(2025-04-01) Yuanming A.L.; Na F.T.B.; Tiwari R.; Chan T.K.N.; Teoh J.Y.C.; Kang S.H.; Patel M.I.; Muto S.; Yang C.K.; Hatakeyama S.; Kijvikai K.; Chen H.; Ohyama C.; Horie S.; Chan E.S.Y.; Lee L.S.; Yuanming A.L.; Mahidol UniversityRobot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) can lead to surgical complications. Grading systems, like the Clavien–Dindo classification (CDC), measure only the most serious issue and might not reflect the cumulative burden of complications. We studied whether another tool, the comprehensive complication index (CCI), could provide a more complete picture of complications. Using data from multiple hospitals, we found that the CCI did not significantly improve the predictions of post-operative outcomes, such as longer hospital stays or higher readmission rates, compared to CDC. This is likely because most patients experienced only a few complications. Our findings suggest that while the CCI may have benefits, its usefulness likely depends on the specific surgical setting and patient population.Item Metadata only Active Compounds and Potential Actions of Anti-aging Remedy in Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Network Pharmacology(2025-04-01) Obhasi S.; Phosri S.; Kaikaew A.; Kaewkaen P.; Obhasi S.; Mahidol UniversityMild cognitive impairment (MCI) may occurs during the aging process and often progress to dementia. This study investigates an anti-aging remedy (AAR) from Thai traditional medicine, which is known for promoting lifespan, by exploring its interactions with biological systems using network pharmacology. Natural compounds related to AAR were retrieved from databases (NPASS, Duke’s, and literatures) and assessed for bioactivity based on pharmacokinetic properties and other criteria. Protein targets linked to MCI were identified using SwissTargetPrediction and DisGeNET databases, and the network was constructed with Cytoscape software and its plugins (MCODE, BinGo, JEPETTO). A total of 178 bioactive compounds and 105 MCI-related protein targets were identified. The top 10 protein targets in the AAR network include GRB2, SRC, TP53, MAPK1, ESR1, PRKCA, STAT3, PIK3R1, FYN, and AKT1, which play important roles in cell processes associated with aging-related cognitive dysfunction. KEGG pathway analysis revealed 37 significant pathways, such as neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, long-term potentiation, long-term depression and neurotrophin signaling pathways, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in biological processes in cognitive impairment. Gene ontology (GO) analysis identified five modules related to cellular functions potentially contributing to MCI, including metabolic process, and multicellular organismal process. This study enhances the understanding of AAR's protective effects on cognitive function and could inform improvements in the quality and efficacy of AAR treatments for age-related cognitive decline.Item Metadata only Prognostic indicators and survival rates in vulvar cancer: insights from a retrospective study(2025-01-01) Rahong T.; Sitthinamsuwan P.; Hanamornroongruang S.; Khemworapong K.; Achariyapota V.; Rahong T.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: This study aimed to ascertain prognostic indicators impacting progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients diagnosed with vulvar cancer. The secondary aim was to determine a quantifiable measure of PFS and OS for these patients. Methods: A comprehensive retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of vulvar cancer patients treated at Siriraj Hospital from 2006 to 2020. Patient characteristics, surgical outcomes, pathological features and immunohistochemical results for p16, p53 and PD-L1 were analysed for their potential as prognostic indicators for survival outcomes. Results: In the sample of 104 vulvar cancer patients, four factors were significantly associated with a worsening PFS. They were coexisting vulvar lesions such as lichen sclerosus and extramammary Paget’s disease (p = .008); lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI; p = .011); pelvic or paraaortic lymph node metastases (p = .042); and positive p53 status (p = .046). Additionally, a tumour size exceeding 4 cm in diameter was significantly linked with decreased OS (p = .001). The median PFS and OS were calculated as 26.3 and 44.7 months, respectively. Significantly improved PFS and OS were noted in patients with a positive p16 or a negative p53 immunohistochemical profile. The calculated hazard ratios for these two subsets were 3.032 (95% CI = 1.419–6.480; p = .004) and 2.421 (95% CI = 1.120–5.232; p = .025), respectively. Conclusions: Factors leading to unfavourable PFS are coexisting vulvar lesions, positive LVSI status, pelvic or paraaortic lymph node metastases, and positive p53 status. Regarding OS, a tumour diameter exceeding 4 cm significantly correlates with poorer outcomes.Item Metadata only Sensitive Skin in Thais: Prevalence, Clinical Characteristics, and Diagnostic Cutoff Scores(2025-04-01) Chaweekulrat P.; Kanokrungsee S.; Viriyaskultorn N.; Prasertsook S.; Likittanasombat S.; Boonchai W.; Chaweekulrat P.; Mahidol UniversityBackground: Sensitive skin is a dermatologic condition with variable prevalence. Universally established cutoff scores for the sensitive scale (SS) and burden of sensitive skin (BoSS) questionnaires are lacking in general populations. Aims: To determine the prevalence of and the associated risk factors for sensitive skin among Thais and to establish cutoff values for diagnosing mild, moderate, and severe cases of sensitive skin. Patients/Methods: A cross-sectional study involving 621 participants aged ≥ 18 years was conducted using an online questionnaire disseminated via various social platforms. Participants completed the SS-14, SS-10, and BoSS questionnaires to assess sensitive skin severity. Cutoff scores for these instruments were determined. Results: Sensitive skin was reported by 86.9% of participants, with 57.5% indicating moderate to severe sensitive skin. Significant risk factors for sensitive skin included female sex, underlying dermatologic conditions, history of atopic dermatitis, and dry skin type. The following cutoff points for diagnosing mildly, moderately, and severely sensitive skin were established for each questionnaire: SS-14 (6/16/25), SS-10 (5/13/22), and BoSS (13/19/24), respectively. The SS-10 questionnaire demonstrated greater diagnostic accuracy than the BoSS questionnaire. Conclusions: This pioneering study elucidated the prevalence of and risk factors for sensitive skin in Thais. The established cutoff values will facilitate sensitive skin diagnosis and guide patient management strategies.Item Metadata only APPLICATION OF SIAMESE NETWORK TO CLASSIFY SMALL DATASET OF THE MOTIFS ON THE CENTER OF SUKHOTHAI CERAMICS(2025-05-01) Chaowalit O.; Kuntitan P.; Watjanapron P.; Arampongsanuwat S.; Chaowalit O.; Mahidol UniversityThis study proposes a novel system for identifying central motifs on Sukhothai ceramics using a Siamese neural network. Traditional motif recognition techniques face challenges due to limited information and incomplete patterns. The Siamese network identifies similarities between images, making it well-suited for comparing unknown motifs to a database of known motifs. The proposed system utilizes a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction. Data augmentation techniques are employed to enrich the dataset and address limitations caused by the small number of available motif images. The Siamese network architecture is trained to compute similarity between image pairs, enabling the system to effectively categorize unknown motifs based on their resemblance to known examples. Experimental results demonstrate that the CNN with a dropout layer 0.3 achieves the highest test accuracy (0.82), indicating its effectiveness in motif identification. This research has potential applications in ceramic conservation, research, and data retrieval, aiding archaeologists, and the public in studying and cataloging Sukhothai ceramic motifs. This approach offers a promising solution for identifying patterns on Sukhothai ceramics, despite data limitations.Item Metadata only Historical narratives and sociolinguistic factors affecting language use of the Hakkas in Thailand(2025-01-01) Phiranawong S.; Ungsitipoonporn S.; Sandman E.; Phiranawong S.; Mahidol UniversityThe Hakka people, a subgroup within the Han Chinese ethnicity and part of the Southern Sinitic language family, have migrated from China to various regions in Southeast Asia over several centuries. In Thailand, some Hakka communities have successfully preserved their linguistic heritage, while others have experienced a decline in language use. This study explores the historical narratives of the Hakka across different regions of Thailand and examines the sociolinguistic factors influencing language maintenance. Through semi-structured interviews with 190 participants from 38 communities, the research aims to investigate the current state of Hakka language use, providing valuable historical data for future studies. Findings indicate that factors promoting language maintenance include marriage within the Hakka community, living in rural areas and limited contact with other Chinese and Thai. Conversely, university-level education, intermarriage mainly with Thais, and urbanization contribute to language shift. The Thai government does not have a clear program or policy to support the use of ethnic group languages. Consequently, Hakkas face various challenges in maintaining their language. To preserve the language, community members, researchers and the government must implement several steps and strategies. This includes the use of native languages within domestic settings and the implementation of supportive governmental policies.Item Metadata only Protective masks reduced gastrointestinal risks of antibiotic-resistant E. coli for hospital wastewater treatment plant workers: A quantitative microbial risk assessment(2025-06-01) Denpetkul T.; Srathongneam T.; Sittipunsakda O.; Tancharoen S.; Krabkran P.; Mongkolsuk S.; Sirikanchana K.; Denpetkul T.; Mahidol UniversityAntibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in hospital wastewater present significant but under-researched risks for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) workers. This study evaluated annual infection risks (Py) from exposure to ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL E. coli) and the effectiveness of protective masks. Wastewater samples from 25 hospitals in Thailand revealed 88 % of untreated samples were positive for ESBL E. coli (6.25 × 102 to 1.83 × 107 CFU/100 mL, mean 2.22 × 106), while 40 % of treated samples tested positive (1.00 × 102 to 1.97 × 105 CFU/100 mL, mean 2.45 × 104). Using quantitative microbial risk assessment and data from 917 workers, risks were calculated under three scenarios: non-resistant, antibiotic-resistant, and highly virulent E. coli. Ingestion of aerosols and droplets posed a higher infection risk than hand-to-mouth contact, with Py often exceeding the U.S. EPA benchmark of 10−4 per person per year. Mask use, particularly surgical and FFP2 masks, significantly reduced risks, bringing treated wastewater exposure below the benchmark. However, highly virulent E. coli risks remained high across all mask types. These findings highlight the need for effective protective measures and disinfection strategies to safeguard WWTP workers and mitigate ARB dissemination, protecting public health and environmental safety.Item Metadata only Differences in clinical characteristics between adolescents and young adults with perinatally and sexually acquired HIV in the Asia-Pacific region(2025-04-01) Phatharodom P.; Maleesatharn A.; Sudjaritruk T.; Khusuwan S.; Petoumenos K.; Aurpibul L.; Chaiwarith R.; Giles M.L.; Quy D.T.; Nimkar S.; Widhani A.; Tanuma J.; Law M.; Sohn A.H.; Chokephaibulkit K.; Phatharodom P.; Mahidol UniversityIntroduction: We assessed the long-term HIV-related health outcomes of young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) compared with those who acquired HIV through sexual transmission in the Asia-Pacific region. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from three paediatric and adult cohorts within the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Asia-Pacific consortium. This study included data from 12 countries, collected between 1991 and 2021. Young adults with available data who had been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least 1 year were included. Analyses were conducted at ages 18 and 25 years and compared by route of HIV acquisition. Factors associated with viral suppression (<200 copies/ml) at age 25 were identified using logistic regression. Results: There were 1333 individuals included at age 18 (96% with PHIV: 46% male) and 305 at age 25 (27% with PHIV; 75% male). Compared to those with sexually acquired HIV at age 18, those with PHIV had a longer median duration of ART (10 vs. 4 years, p<0.001), higher current CD4 count (606 vs. 462 cells/mm3, p = 0.001), were shorter (height 158 vs. 166 cm, p<0.001), with more hypercholesterolemia (20% vs. 5%, p = 0.031) and hypertriglyceridemia (29% vs. 6% mg/dl, p = 0.003). At age 25, differences in duration of ART (15 vs. 3 years, p<0.001), male height (165 vs. 173 cm, p = 0.009) and proportion with hypertriglyceridemia (38% vs. 15%, p = 0.002) were observed. HIV viral suppression did not vary by mode of acquisition (89% vs. 87% at age 18; 91% vs. 85% at age 25). At age 25, living in Thailand (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 6.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.95−18.80) and use of integrase inhibitor-based regimens (AOR 5.20, 95% CI 1.62−16.65) or protease inhibitor-based regimens (AOR 2.62, 95% CI 1.01−6.79) were associated with viral suppression. Conclusions: Young adults with PHIV who survived to ages 18 and 25 were more likely to have stunted growth but had similar viral suppression to those with sexually acquired HIV in our regional cohorts. However, viral suppression rates remained lower for all relative to the UNAIDS goal of 95%, and measures to improve treatment outcomes are needed for young adults.Item Metadata only Real-world impact of latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution 0.024% in glaucoma therapy: a narrative review(2025-01-01) Stamer W.D.; Chiu T.; Lu D.W.; Wang T.H.; Rojanapongpun P.; Ruangvaravate N.; Jo Y.H.; Moster M.R.; Fingeret M.; Cothran N.L.; Steen J.; Gaddie I.B.; Uçakhan-Gündüz Ö.; Shamseldin Shalaby W.; Hutnik C.M.L.; Stamer W.D.; Mahidol UniversityLatanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution (LBN) 0.024% is a topical nitric oxide (NO)-donating prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) analog first approved in November 2017 for reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) or open-angle glaucoma (OAG). This narrative review describes the unique mechanism of action of LBN and summarizes available real-world data. Upon instillation, LBN is metabolized into latanoprost acid and butanediol mononitrate, which is further reduced to NO and an inactive metabolite. Latanoprost acid increases aqueous humor outflow primarily through the uveoscleral (unconventional) pathway, whereas NO increases outflow through the trabecular (conventional) pathway. Eight studies were identified: 2 studies in newly diagnosed, treatment-naïve patients with OHT or OAG, 4 studies of adjunctive therapy in patients with glaucoma receiving other IOP-lowering therapies, and 2 studies in which patients with glaucoma switched to LBN monotherapy or adjunctive therapy. Decreases in IOP after initiating LBN in newly diagnosed patients or adding/switching to LBN were generally consistent with reductions observed in clinical trials and sustained throughout the studies. Rates of discontinuation due to inadequate IOP lowering ranged from 12.2% to 17.1%. LBN was generally well tolerated in real-world studies; the most common adverse events were consistent with the known safety profile of LBN. Data from real-world studies provide important insights regarding the potential effectiveness and tolerability of LBN in the clinical setting and suggest that LBN is well tolerated and associated with significant, clinically meaningful, and durable reductions in IOP.Item Metadata only Diagnostic Accuracy of the Siriraj Portable Digital Cervicography Device Versus Standard Colposcopy for Detecting CIN2+ Lesions(2025-04-01) Ularnwong M.; Hanamornroongruang S.; Ruengkhachorn I.; Karnchanabanyong W.; Kuljarusnont S.; Chaopotong P.; Jareemit N.; Ittiamornlert P.; Boonkate S.; Rochwipaporn S.; Surapo V.; Ularnwong M.; Mahidol UniversityTo improve access to colposcopy for women with abnormal cervical cancer screening results, this study evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of the internally developed Siriraj portable digital cervicography device for detecting cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) and compared its performance with standard colposcopy. Consenting eligible women underwent examination using both the Siriraj portable digital cervicography device and standard colposcopy. Images from each method were independently evaluated by a physician blinded to the other images and histology results. The primary outcome was the diagnostic performance of both methods for detecting CIN2+. Diagnostic accuracy was compared using Cochran's Q test, with a significance threshold of p < 0.05. A total of 450 women participated, with histologically confirmed CIN2+ in 91 cases (20.1%), including 45 women diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (CIN3+). Incorporating colposcopic impressions, the modified Reid's colposcopic index, and the modified Swede score, the Siriraj portable digital cervicography device demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy of 81.3% for CIN2+, whereas standard colposcopy ranged from 79.1% to 81.6%. No significant difference in diagnostic accuracy was found among the six evaluative methods (p = 0.558). The Siriraj portable digital cervicography device shows promise as an alternative to standard colposcopy for detecting CIN2+, particularly in low-resource settings. While it enables remote evaluation by trained colposcopists, its diagnostic performance remains dependent on expert image interpretation. Standardizing biopsy protocols and integrating AI-assisted analysis could further enhance its clinical utility. Trial Registration: TCTR20230907004; registered on September 7, 2023; https://thaiclinicaltrials.org.