Classification of elderly pain severity from automated video clip facial action unit analysis: A study from a Thai data repository
1
Issued Date
2022-10-06
Resource Type
eISSN
26248212
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85144019487
Journal Title
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence
Volume
5
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Vol.5 (2022)
Suggested Citation
Gomutbutra P., Kittisares A., Sanguansri A., Choosri N., Sawaddiruk P., Fakfum P., Lerttrakarnnon P., Saralamba S. Classification of elderly pain severity from automated video clip facial action unit analysis: A study from a Thai data repository. Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Vol.5 (2022). doi:10.3389/frai.2022.942248 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/84248
Title
Classification of elderly pain severity from automated video clip facial action unit analysis: A study from a Thai data repository
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
Data from 255 Thais with chronic pain were collected at Chiang Mai Medical School Hospital. After the patients self-rated their level of pain, a smartphone camera was used to capture faces for 10 s at a one-meter distance. For those unable to self-rate, a video recording was taken immediately after the move that causes the pain. The trained assistant rated each video clip for the pain assessment in advanced dementia (PAINAD). The pain was classified into three levels: mild, moderate, and severe. OpenFace© was used to convert the video clips into 18 facial action units (FAUs). Five classification models were used, including logistic regression, multilayer perception, naïve Bayes, decision tree, k-nearest neighbors (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM). Out of the models that only used FAU described in the literature (FAU 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 25, 26, 27, and 45), multilayer perception is the most accurate, at 50%. The SVM model using FAU 1, 2, 4, 7, 9, 10, 12, 20, 25, and 45, and gender had the best accuracy of 58% among the machine learning selection features. Our open-source experiment for automatically analyzing video clips for FAUs is not robust for classifying pain in the elderly. The consensus method to transform facial recognition algorithm values comparable to the human ratings, and international good practice for reciprocal sharing of data may improve the accuracy and feasibility of the machine learning's facial pain rater.