Emerging CAR immunotherapies: broadening therapeutic horizons beyond cancer
Issued Date
2025-12-01
Resource Type
ISSN
15918890
eISSN
15919528
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105012564155
Journal Title
Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Volume
25
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Clinical and Experimental Medicine Vol.25 No.1 (2025)
Suggested Citation
Sueangoen N., Prasongtanakij S. Emerging CAR immunotherapies: broadening therapeutic horizons beyond cancer. Clinical and Experimental Medicine Vol.25 No.1 (2025). doi:10.1007/s10238-025-01820-x Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/111604
Title
Emerging CAR immunotherapies: broadening therapeutic horizons beyond cancer
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Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-based immunotherapy has transformed cancer treatment, especially for hematologic malignancies like acute lymphoblastic leukemia and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Innovations in CAR design from first-generation constructs relying on CD3ζ signaling to next-generation CARs with co-stimulatory domains have enhanced T cell persistence and antitumor efficacy. Despite these successes, translating CAR-T therapy to solid tumors faces significant challenges, including antigen heterogeneity, immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments, and toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity. To overcome these hurdles, CAR therapies involving alternative immune cells are currently being developed, such as CAR-natural killer, CAR-T regulatory (Treg), CAR-macrophages (Ms), and others, each offering distinct biological advantages and potential for broader applications. Beyond oncology, CAR approaches are being explored for autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and fibrosis, expanding their therapeutic scope. Manufacturing complexities and safety concerns related to gene modification also highlight the need for scalable, safe production methods, including non-viral gene delivery systems. This review summarizes the evolution, current applications, and future prospects of CAR-based therapies, emphasizing the importance of ongoing innovation to enhance specificity, safety, and clinical efficacy across diverse disease contexts.