The molecular reach of antibodies crucially underpins their viral neutralisation capacity

Abstract

Key functions of antibodies, such as viral neutralisation, depend on high-affinity binding. However, viral neutralisation poorly correlates with antigen affinity for reasons that have been unclear. Here, we use a new mechanistic model of bivalent binding to study >45 patient-isolated IgG1 antibodies interacting with SARS-CoV-2 RBD surfaces. The model provides the standard monovalent affinity/kinetics and new bivalent parameters, including the molecular reach: the maximum antigen separation enabling bivalent binding. We find large variations in these parameters across antibodies, including reach variations (22–46 nm) that exceed the physical antibody size (~15 nm). By using antigens of different physical sizes, we show that these large molecular reaches are the result of both the antibody and antigen sizes. Although viral neutralisation correlates poorly with affinity, a striking correlation is observed with molecular reach. Indeed, the molecular reach explains differences in neutralisation for antibodies binding with the same affinity to the same RBD-epitope. Thus, antibodies within an isotype class binding the same antigen can display differences in molecular reach, substantially modulating their binding and functional properties.