Biochemical profiling provides a low-cost and globally accessible method to detect falsified vaccines and insulin
Issued Date
2026-12-01
Resource Type
eISSN
20452322
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105030180511
Pubmed ID
41699379
Journal Title
Scientific Reports
Volume
16
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Scientific Reports Vol.16 No.1 (2026)
Suggested Citation
Brook J., Bharucha T., Arman B.Y., Caillet C., Morris S., Taylor-Siddons M., Fernandez L.G., Walsby-Tickle J., Legge I., Banerjee S., Deats M., Jena R., Ranade D.S., Chunekar S.R., Patil K.D., Gairola S., Dunachie S., Merchant H.A., Stokes R., Kuwana R., Maes A., Gilbert S., McCullagh J., Matousek P., Zitzmann N., Newton P.N., Gangadharan B., James T. Biochemical profiling provides a low-cost and globally accessible method to detect falsified vaccines and insulin. Scientific Reports Vol.16 No.1 (2026). doi:10.1038/s41598-026-37281-9 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/115276
Title
Biochemical profiling provides a low-cost and globally accessible method to detect falsified vaccines and insulin
Author(s)
Brook J.
Bharucha T.
Arman B.Y.
Caillet C.
Morris S.
Taylor-Siddons M.
Fernandez L.G.
Walsby-Tickle J.
Legge I.
Banerjee S.
Deats M.
Jena R.
Ranade D.S.
Chunekar S.R.
Patil K.D.
Gairola S.
Dunachie S.
Merchant H.A.
Stokes R.
Kuwana R.
Maes A.
Gilbert S.
McCullagh J.
Matousek P.
Zitzmann N.
Newton P.N.
Gangadharan B.
James T.
Bharucha T.
Arman B.Y.
Caillet C.
Morris S.
Taylor-Siddons M.
Fernandez L.G.
Walsby-Tickle J.
Legge I.
Banerjee S.
Deats M.
Jena R.
Ranade D.S.
Chunekar S.R.
Patil K.D.
Gairola S.
Dunachie S.
Merchant H.A.
Stokes R.
Kuwana R.
Maes A.
Gilbert S.
McCullagh J.
Matousek P.
Zitzmann N.
Newton P.N.
Gangadharan B.
James T.
Author's Affiliation
University of Oxford
Imperial College London
University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
John Radcliffe Hospital
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
University of East London
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
The Francis Crick Institute
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
Central Laser Facility
Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
Exeins Health Initiative
Agilent Technologies LDA UK
Imperial College London
University of Oxford Medical Sciences Division
Organisation Mondiale de la Santé
John Radcliffe Hospital
Nuffield Department of Medicine
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
University of East London
NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
The Francis Crick Institute
Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
Central Laser Facility
Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
Exeins Health Initiative
Agilent Technologies LDA UK
Corresponding Author(s)
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
For many decades, there have been numerous reported cases of falsified liquid medical products, including vaccine and insulin preparations worldwide, but to date, there has been a lack of affordable and accessible analytical methods for biological medicines and vaccine authenticity testing. A conventional clinical chemistry analyser (Abbott Architect c16000) was used to determine the concentrations of analytes in genuine liquid biological products (vaccines and insulin) and falsified vaccine surrogates. Eight analytes were measured for each sample: sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, glucose and protein. Each genuine liquid product had unique concentrations of analytes when tested using the eight methods applied, allowing clear differentiation from the falsified surrogates. In a blinded study, reproducibility was significantly high when the samples were run intra- and inter-batch up to 9 times over 9 different days, and it was possible to identify most of the samples by analyte presence alone. Imprecision was < 1.0 CV% for ion-selective electrode methods and typically < 5 CV% for spectrophotometric methods. A decision tree was created which was able to identify all samples. We demonstrate for the first time that a conventional clinical chemistry analyser provides a low-cost method to accurately differentiate genuine products from falsified surrogate liquid medicines and vaccines. This novel method has the potential to be used globally due to widespread use of clinical chemistry analysers in hospitals across the world, including in low- and middle-income countries where many cases of falsified medicines have been identified.