PTRAMP, CSS and Ripr form a conserved complex required for merozoite invasion of Plasmodium species into erythrocytes

Abstract

Invasion of erythrocytes by members of the Plasmodium genus is an essential step of the parasite lifecycle, orchestrated by numerous host-parasite interactions. In P. falciparum Rh5, with PfCyRPA, PfRipr, PfCSS, and PfPTRAMP, forms the essential PCRCR complex which binds basigin on the erythrocyte surface. Rh5 is restricted to P. falciparum and its close relatives; however, PTRAMP, CSS and Ripr orthologs are present across the Plasmodium genus. We investigated PTRAMP, CSS and Ripr orthologs from three species to elucidate common features of the complex. Like P. falciparum, PTRAMP and CSS form a disulfide-linked heterodimer in both P. vivax and P. knowlesi with all three species forming a complex with Ripr by binding its C-terminal region, termed the PTRAMP-CSS-Ripr (PCR) complex. Cross-reactive antibodies targeting the PCR complex differentially inhibit merozoite invasion. The crystal structure of a cross-reactive antibody reveals an inhibitory epitope on the C-terminal tail of PvRipr. Cryo-EM visualization of the P. knowlesi PCR complex confirms predicted models and demonstrates a core invasion scaffold in Plasmodium spp. with implications for vaccines targeting multiple species of malaria-causing parasites.