Prevalence of Depressive Symptoms and Associated Factors among Cross Border Migrants in Thailand, 2023: a Mixed-methods Study

Abstract

Depression is a significant global health issue, and migrants often face barriers to mental health care, resulting in undiagnosed depressive symptoms. Thailand accommodates many cross-border migrants from Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Myanmar (CLM), yet little is known about depressive symptoms in these populations. This study aims to address this gap. A mixed-methods study was therefore conducted to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and determine associated factors. Quantitative data were collected via a paper-based questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Qualitative data from in-depth interviews were analyzed using content analysis. Of the 431 participants, who were mostly female (73.3%) and from Myanmar (97.9%), the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23.9%. Having public insurance (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13– 0.43) and being employed (AOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.19–0.57) were significant protective factors. Alcohol consumption showed no association with depression. Qualitative findings reinforced the protective role of public insurance and highlighted employment as a critical factor in mental well-being. These results underscore a notable prevalence of depressive symptoms among CLM migrants, emphasizing the need for health policies that increase access to mental health care and support for this population. Further research should explore broader mental health factors among migrants to guide comprehensive policy development.