Genetic analysis of hybridization between white-handed (Hylobates lar) and pileated (Hylobates pileatus) gibbons in a contact zone in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand

Abstract

Natural hybridization has played various roles in the evolutionary history of primates. Its consequences range from genetic introgression between taxa, formation of hybrid zones, and formation of new lineages. Hylobateslar, the white-handed gibbon, and Hylobatespileatus, the pileated gibbon, are largely allopatric species in Southeast Asia with a narrow contact zone in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, which contains both parental types and hybrids. Hybrid individuals in the zone are recognizable by their intermediate pelage and vocal patterns, but have not been analyzed genetically. We analyzed mitochondrial and microsatellite DNA of 52 individuals to estimate the relative genetic contributions of the parental species to each individual, and the amount of introgression into the parental species. We obtained fecal samples from 33 H.lar, 15 H.pileatus and four phenotypically intermediate individuals in the contact zone. Both mitochondrial and microsatellite markers confirmed distinct differences between these taxa. Both H.lar and H.pileatus contributed to the maternal lineages of the hybrids based on mitochondrial analysis; hybrids were viable and present in socially normal reproductive pairs. The microsatellite analysis identified ten admixed individuals, four F1 hybrids, which corresponded to phenotypic hybrids, and six H.lar-like backcrosses. All 15 H.pileatus samples were identified as originating from genetically H.pileatus individuals with no H.lar admixture; hence, backcrossing is biased toward H.lar. A relatively low number of phenotypic hybrids and backcrossed individuals along with a high number of parental types indicates a bimodal hybrid zone, which suggests relatively strong bias in mate selection between the species.