Virucidal Activity of Essential Oils From Citrus x aurantium L. Against Influenza A Virus H1N1: Limonene as a Potential Household Disinfectant Against Virus
3
Issued Date
2022-01-01
Resource Type
ISSN
1934578X
eISSN
15559475
Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85123486538
Journal Title
Natural Product Communications
Volume
17
Issue
1
Rights Holder(s)
SCOPUS
Bibliographic Citation
Natural Product Communications Vol.17 No.1 (2022)
Suggested Citation
Fadilah N.Q., Jittmittraphap A., Leaungwutiwong P., Pripdeevech P., Dhanushka D., Mahidol C., Ruchirawat S., Kittakoop P. Virucidal Activity of Essential Oils From Citrus x aurantium L. Against Influenza A Virus H1N1: Limonene as a Potential Household Disinfectant Against Virus. Natural Product Communications Vol.17 No.1 (2022). doi:10.1177/1934578X211072713 Retrieved from: https://repository.li.mahidol.ac.th/handle/123456789/83389
Title
Virucidal Activity of Essential Oils From Citrus x aurantium L. Against Influenza A Virus H1N1: Limonene as a Potential Household Disinfectant Against Virus
Other Contributor(s)
Abstract
This work explored the compositions of a crude extract of peels of Citrus x aurantium using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The crude extract of peels of C. × aurantium was analyzed by GC-MS revealing the presence of limonene as the major compound, accounting for 93.7% of the total. Virucidal activity of the oil of C. x aurantium peels against influenza A virus H1N1 was evaluated by the ASTM E1053-20 method. Moreover, the virucidal activity was also investigated of D-limonene, the major terpene in essential oils of C. x aurantium, and its enantiomer L-limonene. The essential oil of the C. x aurantium peels produced a log reduction of 1.9 to 2.0, accounting for 99% reduction of the virus, while D- and L-limonene exhibited virucidal activity with a log reduction of 3.70 to 4.32 at concentrations of 125 and 250.0 µg/mL, thus reducing the virus by 99.99%. Previous work found that D-limonene exhibited antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus, but L-limonene, an enantiomer of D-limonene, has never been reported for antiviral activity. This work demonstrates the antiviral activity of L-limonene for the first time. Moreover, this work suggests that concentrations of 0.0125% to 0.025% of either D- or L-limonene can possibly be used as a disinfectant against viruses, probably in the form of essential oil sprays, which may be useful disinfectants against the airborne transmission of viruses, such as influenza and COVID-19.