Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices for simultaneous detection of oxidative potential and copper in aerosol samples

Abstract

The potential reach of point-of-care (POC) diagnostics into daily routines for exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Cu in aerosolized particulate matter (PM) demands that microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) take into consideration the simple detection of these toxic PM components. Here, we propose μPADs with a dual-detection system for simultaneous ROS and Cu(II) detection. For colorimetric ROS detection, the glutathione (GSH) assay with a folding design to delay the reaction yielded complete ROS and GSH oxidation, and improved homogeneity of color development relative to using the lateral flow pattern. For electrochemical Cu(II) determination, 1,10-phenanthroline/Nafion modified graphene screen-printed electrodes showed ability to detect Cu(II) down to pg level being low enough to be applied to PM analysis. No intra- and inter-interference affecting both systems were found. The proposed μPADs obtained LODs for 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), used as the ROS representative, and Cu(II) of 8.3 ng and 3.6 pg, respectively and linear working ranges of 20 to 500 ng for ROS and 1 × 10−2 to 2 × 102 ng for Cu(II). Recovery of the method was between 81.4 and 108.3% for ROS and 80.5–105.3% for Cu(II). Finally, the sensors were utilized for simultaneous ROS and Cu(II) determination in PM samples and the results statistically agreed with those using the conventional methods at 95% confidence. Graphical abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]