A comprehensive review of the catalytic transformation for biomass derivatives into high-value fuels and chemicals over bimetallic Ni-Re catalysts

Abstract

Ni-Re bimetallic catalysts provide an excellent synergy of hydrogenation activity from Ni and oxophilic acidity from ReO<inf>X</inf>, allowing for effective conversion of biomass-derived molecules into fuels and chemicals. This review highlights recent developments in Ni-Re catalyst synthesis, structure-performance relationships, and applications in key transformations such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and levulinic acid upgrading, and hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid esters. The discussion highlights bifunctional mechanisms, hydrogen spillover, and metal-support interactions in controlling selectivity. Catalyst deactivation challenges and regeneration strategies are also addressed. Finally, future research directions are suggested with emphasis on atomic-scale catalyst design, integration of green hydrogen, and industrial use in sustainable biorefineries.