Decreased bone mineral density is associated with an increased number of teeth with periodontitis progression: a 5-year retrospective cohort study

Abstract

Objective: Longitudinal studies on the systemic bone loss-periodontitis relationship are limited with disparate results. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between bone mineral density (BMD) and periodontitis progression, controlling for other covariables in a Thai population. Materials and methods: In 2,418 participants, BMD values of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at baseline. Each participant’s BMD status was classified as normal, osteopenia, or osteoporosis. Full mouth periodontal examinations on 6 sites/tooth were performed at baseline and 5-year follow-up visits. Periodontitis progression was defined as a tooth presenting an additional proximal CAL loss of ≥ 3 mm or an additional lost tooth with a baseline CAL ≥ 5 mm. The risk effects of BMD status on the number of teeth with periodontitis progression were analyzed using multivariate Poisson regression. Results: Baseline BMD status of osteoporosis was associated with an increased number of teeth with periodontitis progression in the subgroups of postmenopausal women, non-smokers, and participants with periodontitis stage III/IV with adjusted risk ratios of 1.31 (95% CI = 1.09–1.58), 1.19 (95% CI = 1.04–1.36), and 1.13 (95% CI = 1.00–1.28), respectively. Conclusion: Baseline BMD in the osteoporosis range increased the risk of having a greater number of teeth with periodontitis progression in specific participant subgroups. Clinical Relevance: Decreased BMD is a potential factor affecting periodontitis progression risk in some individuals. Multidisciplinary approaches in educating and maintaining patients’ bone-oral health may help improve their quality of life.