The use of technical grade chemicals and on-site production of ammonium nitrate: a cost-effective and safer approach to Thiel embalming

Abstract

Purpose: While Thiel embalming effectively preserves cadavers in a lifelike and flexible state, its implementation is constrained by high costs and the use of ammonium nitrate, which may be restricted in certain countries due to regulatory controls and safety concerns. This study aims to develop a more economical and safer approach to Thiel embalming by using technical grade chemicals and synthesizing ammonium nitrate on-site and, both overcoming economic barriers to Thiel embalming and addressing regulatory constraints associated with ammonium nitrate. Methods: In the present study, technical grades were used instead of reagent grades. Ammonium nitrate was synthesized through a controlled reaction of nitric acid and ammonium hydroxide under strict safety protocols. The solution was incorporated into Thiel embalming fluids and used for arterial and venous embalming of 28 cadavers at two institutions. Results: The cadavers embalmed using the methods presented in this study were comparable to conventional Thiel-embalmed cadavers, preserving tissue flexibility, color, and structural integrity. The only notable difference was the reduced submersion duration, which was limited to three to four months.and the technique effectively mitigated the hazards of ammonium nitrate storage. Conclusion: The use of technical grade chemicals, combined with on-site production of ammonium nitrate, presents a more cost-effective alternative for Thiel embalming, particularly in regions with stringent regulations, making Thiel embalming more accessible for anatomy departments worldwide.