Laser-Induced Graphene-Based microfluidic electrochemical biosensor for clinical analysis

Abstract

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has emerged as a versatile electrode material for electrochemical devices due to its flexibility in fabrication and modification capabilities. The large accessible surface area derived from the three-dimensional (3D) porous structure of LIG electrodes with their fast electron transfer kinetics facilitates their applications in electrochemical sensors, especially for point-of-care (POC) diagnosis. The combination of LIG electrode and microfluidic system offers great potential in terms of cost-effectiveness, fabrication precision, and rapid analysis, making it a promising alternative to conventional screen-printed electrodes. Furthermore, the microfluidic technology significantly improves analytical accuracy by enabling high-throughput screening, precise fluid control at the micro-scale, and reliable analytical assessment. Herein, the recent advancements in the integration of laser-induced graphene (LIG) into microfluidic platforms for electrochemical biosensors, with a focus on fabrication techniques and electrochemical performance metrics, including sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility are presented. Fabrication and electrochemical techniques are also discussed systematically. Finally, the integration of LIG with microfluidic system for clinical applications and the future direction of these innovative biosensing devices are described.