Impact of Maternal Nutrition on Human Milk Macronutrients Among Thai Mothers of Premature Infants

Abstract

Purpose: To identify factors affecting macronutrient levels in human milk (HM) from mothers of preterm infants in Thailand by examining maternal diet and body mass index (BMI). Background: HM fortification has become standard care to meet preterm infant’s nutritional needs, but macronutrient content varies throughout lactation, leading to challenges in managing HM nutrients. Understanding maternal nutrition factors affecting HM macronutrients should be considered. Method: In this observational study, 47 mothers of premature infants were selected through convenience purposive sampling between October 2023 and March 2024. HM samples were collected at 2 time points: during 1-2 weeks of lactation (time point 1) and 3-4 weeks of lactation (time point 2) and analyzed using the Miris HM analyzer (Miris HMA™). Maternal dietary intake was assessed using 24-h dietary food recall records from 2 non-consecutive days and food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). Maternal BMI was measured using current body weight and height. Results: Multiple linear regression analysis showed significant positive association between HM macronutrients and maternal dietary intake, including daily intake of carbohydrates, fats, and protein. No association was found between maternal BMI and HM macronutrients. Conclusions: This study supports that maternal dietary intake can affect the nutritional profile of HM. Monitoring and modifying maternal dietary intake during lactation may enhance macronutrient content of HM for preterm infants.